Background: Chronic kidney disease characterised by urinary disturbances or excretory kidney dysfunction, which is likely to result in functional nephron damage. Glomerulonephritis is an immune-mediated kidney inflammation that affects both the glomerulus and other parts of the kidney. The most common cause of end-stage renal disease is glomerulonephritis. The aim of this study to determine the anemia, mineral bone disorder and high low PTH level during hemodialysis. Study Design: This was cross-sectional study and conducted in the Ali Fatima Hospital Lahore, for six months March 2022 to August 2022. Materials and Methods: There were total 350 participants. The participants were selected by sampling technique were interviewed in the Khyber teaching hospital Peshawar. We analyzed dependent and independent variables. Data analysis statistically by SPSS 20 version. Results: There were total 350 participants which include71.4% males and 29% females in this research. The majority of the participants were in the age group (40-60) years or (n=350) 87% in the hemodialysis. The majority participants were mean age 49.2 ± 0.59 years. The participants were 69% financially depend upon family dialysis. The dialysis frequency of patients about 76% thrice per week and 24.2% were on twice per week. The hemoglobin level was <11 g/dL or mean 12.19±2.65 g/dL which show significantly reduced Hb level. The mean value of serum calcium, sodium, phosphorous and parathyroid levels in bone diseases were 165.40±6.91, 6.675±0.79, 6.89±2.64, and 255.63±233.71, which significantly changed in hemodialysis patients. Anti HCV is 80% positive in hemodialysis patients as compared to general population. Conclusion: The participants who suffered to maintained hemodialysis for > 3 months, majority have low level of Hb which cause anemia, low PTH which associate with the mineral bone diseases and also reduced serum Ca, P, k, Na and albumin level. Keywords: End stage renal disorder (ESRD), chronic kidney disorder (CKD).
Objective: This study aims to determine diagnostic accuracy of peripheral blood smear and automated haematology analyzer and to determine frequency of different types of anemia diagnosed by peripheral blood smear and automated hematology analyzer. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Pathology, Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad. Period: November 2015 to April 2016. Material & Methods: Sample size of 149 suspected anemia patients was calculated using WHO calculator with 95% confidence interval. Research approval was taken from hospital ethical board. Patients were approached through non probability consecutive sampling method. Both peripheral blood smear examination and automated haematology analysis of each sample was performed. Diagnostic accuracy and frequency of anemia types was measured. Data analysis was done with the help of SPSS version 25. Chi-square and fissure exact test and ROC curve analysis was applied and significant (p<0.05) results were reported. Results: Total 149 patients were included in study. There were 42(28.2%) male and 107(71.8%) female. Mean age of patients was 35.1±2.1SD. Peripheral blood smear and automated haematology analyzer showed sensitivity (68% vs 92%), specificity (59% vs 88%), PPV (72% vs 92%), NPV (55% vs 88%) and diagnostic accuracy (64% vs 91) respectively. Most common type of anemia diagnosed with peripheral blood smear was microcytic hypochromic anemia with raised RDW 36.7% followed by normocytic normochromic anemia with raised RDW 13.3% and macrocytic anemia (p=0.001) while in automated haematology analyzer microc ytic hypochromic anemia with raised RDW54.4% followed by normochromic normocytic anemoia with normal RDW 11.1% (p=0.000). Conclusion: Automated haematyology analyzer had high diagnostic accuracy for diagnosis of anemia. Microcytic hypochromic anemia and normocytic normochromic are most common anemias diagnosed by peripheral blood smear and automated hematology analyzer and peripheral blood smear cannot be completely replaced by automated haemolytic analyzer. However, if both methods are used simultaneously, more accurate results can be obtained.
Background: Andropause is under-emphasized in our population, and evidence is scarce on this male health problem. Objective: To assess the andropause awareness and serum calcium level estimation in men who are at a high risk of developing osteoporosis due to age-related androgen deficiency. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 adult men from November-2018 to February-2019. The awareness collection tool was a structured questionnaire comprising of sociodemographic variables and questions which explored the awareness of osteoporosis due to andropause. Serum calcium levels were also measured in different age groups. Data collected were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version-20. Results: Overall 51% of men were aware of the term andropause while the percentage of the participants who believed that andropause may be the underlying cause of osteoporosis in advancing age was only 26.6%. Serum calcium showed a negative correlation with advancing age (Pearson correlation coefficient, r-value: -0.58). Conclusion: Though more than half of the men were aware of the knowledge of andropause they lack the awareness that osteoporosis might occur due to androgen deficiency. Moreover, decreased serum calcium levels were also observed with advancing age.
Objectives: To determine frequency of students’ perceptions (satisfaction) regarding teaching effectiveness, feedback of assessment mode and suggestions for improvement in pathology teaching technique in a medical college. Study Design: Cross-sectional Study. Setting: Medical & Dental College Islamabad. Period: January 2017 to June 2017. Material & Methods: A total of 224 students, who were going to appear for their professional examination were included in the study. Approval from the institutional ethical committee was taken. A set of questions on T/L practices and the suggested modifications were incorporated into the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used in the form of frequency distribution and data was analyzed by utilizing percentages. Results: Study demonstrated that female participants were more than male students. The subject of pathology was found to be interesting by majority of the students and it was consented that knowledge about pathology helps in clinical rotations. The subject of Pathology was expressed to be tough by about one third (27.84%) of the students. Clinical correlations, presentations and explanations used to simplify the subject during lectures were found to be satisfactory by the students. Majority of the learners acknowledged that they were motivated to put up queries and respond to questions during lectures. Readability, usefulness of lecture presentations and innovative methods were thought to be acceptable by the students. Majority of the students recommended changes in teaching learning methods. Conclusion: A moderately high satisfaction was found among medical students regarding teaching and learning methodology of pathology. Pathology teaching system could be improved by applying group discussion; case based studies and integrated teaching approaches in our teaching system.
Virtual microscopy for showing histopathological slides have been in use for quite some time. This method of teaching is considered to be a good replacement for conventional microscopy using glass slides. This study was carried out to analyze the perception and performance of dental students regarding the use of conventional microscopic slides and virtual slides in relation to teaching and learning. Material and methods: Eighty undergraduate dental students who had studies the subject of oral pathology as a compulsory subject at Watim Dental college were invited to participate in the study. Students not willing to take part in the study were excluded. The questionnaires were duly filled and test was taken by the students using either virtual slides or glass slides. The data was collected and analyzed using SPSS 20. Results: A total of eighty undergraduate students participated in the study. The results showed that dental students had a higher acceptance rate (all P-value<0.001) for cases taught via virtual microscopy and they out performed in cases shown on virtual slides (p<0.01). Conclusion: In this study the students preferred teaching of oral histopathology via virtual slides over conventional glass slides and it also contributed more to their learning. Keyword: Conventional microscopy, dental students, virtual microscopy, oral pathology
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