Inorganic clathrate materials are of great fundamental interest and potential practical use for application as thermoelectric materials in freon-free refrigerators, waste-heat converters, direct solar thermal energy converters, and many others. Experimental studies of their electronic structure and bonding have been, however, strongly restricted by (i) the crystal size and (ii) essential difficulties linked with the clean surface preparation. Overcoming these handicaps, we present for the first time a comprehensive picture of the electronic band structure and the chemical bonding for the Sn(24-x-δ)InxAs(22-y)I8 clathrates obtained by means of photoelectron spectroscopy and complementary quantum modeling.

Continuous expansion of the scope of network information technologies application permanently create the background for the appearance of new threats to the security of individuals, society and the state, including information security. Especially dangerous are terrorist acts potential threats by using information resources in the appropriate infrastructure of society and the state individual institutions. The current state of the problem of criminal liability for trespass to digital information, their dynamics and impact on Russia's technological and industrial potential, as well as the negative consequences of committing crimes in the sphere of digital information are considered in the article. A wide use of information and communication technologies (ICT) is an integral requirement of time representing an indicator of the development of a modern economy, both private and national, i.e. state. However, an increase in the share of information crime interferes with the progressive development of ICT. When using the methodological approach in science, measures of general prevention, as well as measures of special prevention aimed at digital crime countering are singled out. The most effective of them are special preventive measures, such as the current criminal, criminal procedure and information legislation improvement; the judicial practice improvement; the creation of new and improvement of existing methods of investigation and prevention of digital security crimes; the qualified personnel training in the field of information security (including specialized research institutes and government agencies of the relevant areas); as well as the need to keep within the necessary information security limits by the users themselves, both in the workplace and in everyday communication. This article is devoted to discussing some of these special preventive measures.

The article considers normative requirements, organization procedure, legal forms of support by state authorities of the Chuvash Republic of socially oriented non-profit organizations that provide socially useful services to both the population as a whole and individual citizens. Emphasis is placed on the main forms of State support in the national region; in particular, we considered property, financial, information, support in the field of training, additional professional education of workers and volunteers (volunteers) of socially oriented non-profit organizations. The purpose of the study is to analyze regional measures of state support for socially oriented non-profit organizations in the social sphere within the framework of the current legislation. According to the results of the study, the authors believe that the current legislation should establish the volume and quality of socially significant services for various categories of the population provided by non-profit organizations, approve the criteria for maintaining a register of organizations that will receive state support, and develop a program of preferential loans for non-profit organizations.

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The relevance of the article is due to the fact that in civil proceedings, electronic evidence can be considered the most popular method of obtaining evidence to date. However, in law enforcement practice, there are many gaps in the formation of the institution of electronic evidence. The advantage of electronic evidence in civil proceedings is quite obvious, which makes it necessary to take a different look at this type of evidence. The courts, certainly, strive to respect the interests of the parties when considering cases on the basis of competition and equality of the parties, but the study of judicial practice shows that the presence of electronic evidence stands out against the other evidence and acquires a special status that requires research, detailed legislative development and procedural regulation. At the same time, it should be noted that there has been insufficient research on this topic in the scientific and procedural doctrine; in this connection, the opinions of researchers and their assessment are given. The purpose of the article is to determine the legal nature of electronic evidence in civil proceedings, especially in the context of the development of digitalization and electronic information technologies. The procedural legal, formal legal, logical, dialectical and other methods of scientific research make up the methodological basis. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the legal nature of electronic evidence is closely related to modern technical means, and the position on the need to consolidate procedural measures, the use of information and communication tools to provide civil proceedings in the modern judicial system is also justified.