The production of space in rural areas as a result of modernization changes lifestyles not only within families but also at a broader level, namely between communities. This study aimed to examine how spatial reproduction occurs in villages in Madiun Regency by identifying the dominant agent and the stages of the process of spatial reproduction. This study employed qualitative methods. This study found that there are four stages in the spatial reproduction process in Madiun Regency, including outreach, coordination, mutual cooperation, and synergy. These four stages occurred because of the presence of the village head as the initiating agent and Village Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) and the Tourism Awareness Group as organizations that oversee various community activities in the tourism sector. According to the findings of this study, technology has accelerated the process of spatial reproduction, which is reflected in the existence of four regionalizations, including economic, social, housing, and public services. This study concludes that the reproduction of space does not always lead to conflict and social inequality in society. On the contrary, people are able to work together in building shared prosperity with the value of mutual cooperation.

This article examines the causes and impacts of early marriage in the East Java province, Indonesia. This study employed a mixed method approach to conduct the research. This study identifies that the causes of early marriage are not just economic, but also sociocultural. Girls who are married early not only are at risk of health problems but also are restricted in their education and work opportunities. In some cases, early marriage is also closely related to the possibility of intimate partner violence. This study highlight the need for close attention to early marriage in Indonesia, which affects many young women and underage girls.