Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) is an in-situ geophysical method widely used in environmental, engineering and hydrogeological explorations due to cost, time, and data coverage efficiency. Traditionally, geotechnical parameters such as discontinuities properties are obtained from rock samples acquired from a borehole. However, it only provides a single information point, costly and time-consuming. Thus, an approach using electrical resistivity to detect the presence of geological structure in a rock mass is an alternative method that can be applied. Discontinuities in rock mass include joints, bedding planes, blasting cracks, fractures, faults, and folds. This paper aims to present the utilisation of geoelectrical resistivity imaging for geological structures mapping in rock mass based on the review from previous research. The Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) method is an effective tool to obtain structural differentiation of geological medium by interpreting 2D and even 3D electrical resistivity models. Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) is an automated data acquisition system, inversion codes, non-invasive and user-friendly. The raw data received from data acquisition was analysed using Res2DINV software. The data inversion was done by applying the robust method and finite element grid to accommodate the steep topography. The data interpretation included numerical modelling to assess the suitability of all used electrode arrays in relation to the geological setting.

Landslides are natural disasters that befall practically in almost every country worldwide. Since the behaviour of the Earth is varied and the influencing factors that induce landslides are not constant, there seems to be no precise technique for assessing and forecasting the occurrence of landslides. This study selected the Cameron Highlands district, situated in Pahang, Malaysia, which accentuates reviewing numerous methods by the preceding local researcher to analyse and assess landslide incidence. A country like Malaysia is highly vulnerable to landslides due to its geographical features of high and lowlands, relatively intense precipitation, and locality in the distribution of tropical rain forests typified by dense vegetation, hot and humid temperatures throughout the year. In comprehending the landslide, most prior researchers employed numerous approaches and methods, where three qualitative methods (acceptable accuracy), two semi-quantitative methods (78% to 86% accuracy) and five quantitative methods (86% to 98% accuracy) were identified. These methods appraise multiple parameters and employ various techniques for factor research and understanding, where each method has its own set of benefits and shortcomings. The diversity of the landslide scale requires specific research in determining landslide mapping, whether by inventory, susceptibility, hazard, or risk. An application of the programme and software platform can forecast the accuracy of landslide occurrence modelling for future landslide mitigation planning. Based on the review findings, GIS and remote sensing play a crucial part in translating spatial data for more accessible analysis in furthering the research, as supported by field survey results. Each method comprising various techniques indicates that overall accuracy is applicable for the landslide analysis approaches.

Placenta accreta, one of the morbidly adherent placenta components and currently known as placenta accreta spectrum (PAS), is a condition characterized by abnormal adherence of the placenta to the uterine wall. This can lead to significant blood loss and may lead to high morbidity and mortality rates for the mother. It is a failure of placenta separation during the third stage of labor, which is thought to be high prevalence in those with previous cesarean delivery, especially with the presence of placenta previa. However, PAS is possible in cases of a normally-situated placenta without previous cesarean delivery. We reported an interesting case of a 41-year-old woman, gravida 8 para 7, admitted to the labor room for augmentation of labor, who needed emergency lower segment cesarean section. The incidental finding of PAS was made intraoperatively and was complicated with a hysterectomy. PAS in a normally situated placenta (upper segment) in a virgin abdomen that has been discovered during emergency lower segment cesarean section could cause a nightmare to the obstetrician as it leads to massive postpartum hemorrhage, ureteric injury, and high maternal morbidity and mortality.