Background: The incidence of diabetes is rapidly increasing worldwide and it involves both rural and urban population. Majority of diabetes consequences occur due to its complication that brought a significant burden to pts as well as health care system. Aim: To assess the prevalence of diabetic complications in urban and rural population. Study design: Cross-section descriptive study. Methodology: Present study enrolled 1000 diabetic patients visiting urban and rural health facilities. The type-2 diabetic patients aged 18-70 years were included. Data was collected through questionnaire; data was entered and analyzed in SPSS Vr 24.0 Results: Among 600 patients of urban area, 62.6% were males while among 600 patients of rural area, 82.2% were male. From urban area, 51.2% patients and from rural area, 57.8% patients were above 50 years old. In urban area, 52% patients had infected wounds, 43.8% had cataract, 38.8% had heart problems and 36.1% had stroke. Among rural patients, 48.5% had infected wounds, 38% had diabetic foot, 47.5% had cataract, 33.5% had renal failure and 52.3% had heart problems. In urban population, non-compliance of medication (69%) while in rural population, lack of routine investigations (90.1%) were main factors associated with diabetic complications. Conclusion: Study concluded that diabetic complications were prevalent in both urban and rural areas but rural population was more effected than urban population. Keywords: Prevalence, Diabetes, Complications, Urban and Rural Population.

Background: Hypertension (HTN) is an important public health problem. Antihypertensive drugs lead to side effects, possibly leading to non-compliance, thus uncontrolled hypertension as well as cardiovascular morbidity enhanced risk and death. Aim: To determine the effect of nigella sativa seeds in patients with hypertension at 0, 6 and 12 weeks; and to compare these effects with control patients on standard hypertension therapy. Study Design: Experimental study. Methodology: Present study enrolled 200 patients with hypertension (100 cases and 100 controls) visiting Services Hospital Lahore. Nigella sativa seeds were administered to 100 hypertensive patients who were on standard therapy in a dose of 1.5gms (once daily) orally for 12 weeks. Their blood pressure was recorded and compared to the 100 patients in control group taking standard therapy only at 0, 6, 12 weeks. Data was collected through questionnaire which was entered in computer using SPSS Results: Among cases, mean age was 45.16±10.544 years while in controls was 41.61±10.971 years. In case group, at 0 week, 6 weeks and 12 weeks, the mean systolic blood pressure (mmHg) was 139.49±6.337, 137.87±5.829 and 132.66±5.887 while mean diastolic blood pressure was 102.32±6.135, 100.58+6.081 and 95.26±6.594, respectively. In control group at 0 week, 6 weeks and 12 weeks, the mean systolic blood pressure (mmHg) was 139.07±6.307, 138.93±6.961 and 133.37±5.836 while mean diastolic blood pressure was 102.85±5.844, 102.75±5.518 and 95.64±6.850, respectively. Conclusion: We concluded that Nigella Sativa seeds have anti-hypertensive effect and significantly reduce the blood pressure among patients with hypertension. Keywords: Nigella Sativa, Seed, Effect, Patients and Hypertension

Objective: The purpose of this study is to provide light on the reasons for and outcomes of inadequate treatment for type 2 diabetes. Study Design: Retrospective study Place and Duration: This Retrospective study was conducted at Fazaia Medical College Islamabad in the period from May, 2022 to October, 2022. Methods: Total 178 patients of T2 diabetes mellitus were presented. Age of the included cases were between 20-70 years. Informed written consent was obtained from all participants before to recording their demographic information, which included details such as comorbidities, body mass index (BMI), age, and smoking status. Lifestyle management, vaccination, pharmaceutical therapy, laboratory assessment, and physical examination are the five areas used to define inadequate care. SPSS 22.0 was used to analyze all data. Results: In all, ninety-eight (55.1%) cases were males and eighty (44.9%) cases were females. The mean age among patients was 53.13±5.44 years having mean BMI 26.11±6.76 kg/m2. Majority of the cases 78 (43.8%) were had poor socio-economic status. 45 (25.3%) cases were smokers and HTN was found in 76 (42.7%) cases. Frequency of inadequate life style management 44 (24.7%), inadequate immunization 60 (33.7%), inadequate pharmacological therapy 80 (44.9%), inadequate physical examination 72 (40.4%) and inadequate laboratory tests were 48 (26.96%). Overall inadequate care was found in 135 (75.8%) cases. Conclusion: Treatment of type 2 diabetes is plagued by widespread problems due to inadequate care. It was shown that over 75.8% of people experienced at least one form of subpar care out of a possible five. Systematic, medical professional, and individual variables were all linked to subpar care delivery. Keyboards: T2 DM, Adherence and Compliance, Diabetes Care