Building design is developed into complexities, especially because of the emergence needs on applying a concept of sustainability. Aesthetic and engineering systems are no longer as main consideration in a design production process. Collaboration is needed to facilitate the integration of multiple knowledge and participants in a design process. In the process, multiple experts are required for achieving the best design. This paper purposes to discover issues and solutions as the important factors of collaborative design. Literature study is applied to determine the factors which are physical, technical, and social factors. They are found as three main aspects to be considered in supporting successful collaborative design. It is also found that recently, research in this area is directing for developing social factors as main issue. Factor analysis is also used as methodology to identify and analyze the similarities and interdependencies between factors. Analysis of data which is gained from designers and experts in Indonesia discovers that the three factors are reduced into two factors. The model of successful collaborative design is developed based on two findings in this research, that is not only conceptually but also empirically.

Fractal characteristic of watershed is an important parameter which influences the formation of synthetic unit hydrograph. Based on a previous study, hydrology response of watershed expressed in hydrograph form could be well presented by hydrology network characteristic as a form of fractal characteristic of watershed [1]. Fractal characteristic of watershed was stated as fractal dimension which was presented in three parametersi.e.river branch ratio (RB), river length ratio (RL) and watershed river area ratio (RA). The purpose of this research was to analyze fractal characteristic and to verify its fractal dimension stability as preliminary research to prepare variables which would be used to develop synthetic unit hydrograph model in the future. Analysis was undertaken using two methodsi.e.Horton’s Coefficient Ratio and Box Counting Dimension. Analysis result revealed that fractal dimension of river network from 8 watersheds calculated using those two methods could give almost the same result, ranged from 1 to 2. Fractal dimension from calculation also showed similarity with study conducted by Tarbotonet al. [2], Balkhanovet al. [3], Khanbabaeiet al.[4], obtaining that fractal dimension of river network is generally in the range of 1 to 2.

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Building’s design is developing to involve complexities of engineering systems, where design process requires various disciplines of participants to solve the complex issues. Collaborative design is developed with main purpose to facilitate the integration of multiple participants in design process to produce best design. This paper presents conceptual understanding, current practices, and theoretical framework of collaborative design. Literature review builds the conceptual understanding, exploratory study through in-depth interviews to design managers and designers reveals the current practices, and grounded theory constructs the theoretical framework. The review had found three main indicators of collaborative design, and through those indicators it has been identified that collaborative design is implemented at design process. The interviews had revealed that best design is hard to be achieved although collaborative design has been applied. Through grounded theory analysis, it has been found that the lack understanding of Knowledge Management (KM) roles is found to be main issue collaborative design practices.