This review revealed that among all the natural and synthetic flavonoids, the inhibitory findings suggest that the flavonol moiety can serve as an effective and a lead structural scaffold for the further development of novel TIs.

Nanographenes have been attracting increasing attention owing to their widespread applications in organic electronics. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are popular research subjects due to their high stability, planar structure and optical spectra.

DDQ is the most widely used quinone with a high reduction potential and it mediates hydride transfer reactions and shows three accessible oxidation states: quinone (oxidized), semiquinone (one-electron-reduced) and hydroquinone (two-electron-reduced).

In the present study, a series of 2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepine derivatives 1B – 14B has been synthesized sand characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The enzyme inhibitory activities of the target analogues were assessed using in vitro and in vivo mechanism-based assays. The tested compounds 1B – 14B exhibited in vitro inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase with IC 50 = 2.62 ± 0.16 to 10.11 ± 0.32 μM as compared to the standard drug acarbose (IC 50 = 37.38 ± 1.37 μM). Kinetic studies of the most active derivatives 2B and 3B illustrated competitive inhibitions. Based on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect, the compounds 2B , 3B , 6B , 7B , 12B , 13B , and 14B were chosen in vivo for further evaluation of antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. All these evaluated compounds demonstrated significant antidiabetic activity and were found to be nontoxic in nature. Moreover, the molecular docking study was performed to elucidate the binding interactions of most active analogues with the various sites of the α-glucosidase enzyme (PDB ID 3AJ7 ). Additionally, quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) studies were performed based on the α-glucosidase inhibitory assay. The value of correlation coefficient ( r ) 0.9553 shows that there was a good correlation between the 1B – 14B structures and selected properties. There is a correlation between the experimental and theoretical results. Thus, these novel compounds could serve as potential candidates to become leads for the development of new drugs provoking an anti-hyperglycemic effect.

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