The need for a healthy market in the rapid and accurate screening of a variety of pathogenic agents and toxins in the environment and food has led to an increase in the development of new biosensors, which have ideal characteristics, such as high sensitivity and specificity with rapid detection and simple preparation of the sample. Among the food contaminants, mycotoxins have been identified as a major challenge for the food industry, and rapid and accurate detection has attracted the attention of food inspection and monitoring organisations. In this study, a nanomolecular detection method is described using aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-specific aptamers attached to streptavidin-coated magnetic nanoparticles. A prominent feature of the AFB1-specific aptamers is a guanine-rich (G-rich) sequence with a G-quadruplex structure after capturing AFB1 molecules and mimicking peroxidase activity. The enzymatic reaction evaluated in the presence of chromogenic substrate and measurement is done by a smartphone-specific application for colorimetric measurement. The results indicated that the assay could measure AFB1 in rice, flour, seed, maize, and pistachio. In addition, the application of hybrid nanomaterial technology resulting from the binding of biotin-labelled aptamers to the surface of streptavidin-coated magnetic nanoparticles minimises preparation and treatment of samples, improves results, and consequently reduces false negative and positive responses in the detection field. This study may eventually lead to the design and development of a fast, sensitive, specific, and on-site AFB1-based nanomolecular colorimetric detection system via a smartphone-based application that can be readily accessible to all applicants, from professionals to manufacturers of foodstuffs.

The significant role of microRNAs in regulating gene expression and in disease tracking has handed the possibility of robust and accurate diagnosis of various diseases. Measurement of these biomarkers has also had a significant impact on the preparation of natural samples. Discovery of miRNAs is a major challenge due to their small size in the real sample and their short length, which is generally measured by complex and expensive methods. Electrochemical nanobiosensors have made significant progress in this field. Due to the delicate nature of nerve tissue repair and the significance of rapid‐fire feature of neurodegenerative conditions, these biosensors can be reliably promising. This review presents advances in the field of neurodegenerative diseases diagnostics. At the same time, there are still numerous openings in this field that are a bright prospect for researchers in the rapid‐fire opinion of neurological diseases and indeed nerve tissue repair.

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