Purpose: Fatigue, a physical and/or mental exhaustion is a common symptom of diabetes. Easy fatigability is not limited to uncontrolled diabetes however is comorbid with psychological, medical, metabolic, and chronic complications like insulin-resistance, glucose intolerance, and obesity. Methods: We analyzed the effect of lifestyle modification involving physical exercise and intake of omega 3 fatty acid-rich fish oil on insulin resistance and diabetic fatigue. For the same, diabetes was induced using single dose streptozocin injection in rats fed with a high-fat diet and were treated with fish oil alone and in combination with exercise training. Blood glucose levels, glucose tolerance, lipid profile, insulin levels, oxidative stress and glycogen content were monitored in rats exposed to swimming exercise and fatigue test. Results: Alone fish oil could improve symptoms of diabetic complications; however, the combination intervention of exercise and oral administration of fish oil significantly lowered the fasting blood glucose level and fatty acid profile in diabetic rats. Improvement in antioxidant profile was observed from the decreased levels of lipid peroxidation products and increased levels of antioxidants like superoxide dismutase and glutathione. Effective glucose disposal correlated with better insulin tolerance and improvement in lipid profile as indicated by a significant reduction in LDL, VLDL, free fatty acids, and leptin with an increase in HDL levels. Exercise-induced changes in the liver and skeletal tissue, enabling diabetic rats to restore their glycogen stores thus building the endurance required for prolonged exercise. Conclusion: Lifestyle modification with moderate exercise and consumption of antioxidant-rich fish oil is a novel and easy therapeutic intervention in the treatment of multifactorial syndrome of fatigue observed as a diabetic complication.

Background: Pharmaceutical and telemedicine industries are now finding ways in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by adopting innovative and successful business models along with groundbreaking strategies using digital online platforms particularly after the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The present study analyzes the impacts and frequencies of digital marketing technology usage among pharmacies and customers. A crosssection study was carried out using a non-repeated random sampling technique and a standardized questionnaire survey was conducted employing online telephone interviews. Binomial, Chi-square, multinomial logistic regression and the multivariate statistics were applied on data sets to determine the comparison and relationship between variables and their categories. Results: These study findings revealed that customers used the web services tool of pharmaceutical companies significantly (p<0.05) more than other digital marketing or social media platforms. Approximately, 36 pharmacies agreed out of 51 to the fact that webinars are effective, efficient and resourceful for online engagement with all shareholders regarding the product. Conclusion: Most respondents recognized that social media chats are to be more operative and ferocious in terms of marketing communications.

Metrics & MoreArticle RecommendationsT he Editors retract this Article due to concerns about the reliability and reproducibility of the published data. Concerns have been raised surrounding the experimental design including the comparison of animals treated with rosiglitazone. These concerns are significant enough to cast doubts on the main findings of the work.

Background: Mesalamine loaded polymeric nanoparticles were prepared using three different polymers namely, Eudragit RS100, PLGA (50:50), or Eudragit RLPO, with an aim of targeted delivery to the inflamed colon. Materials and Methods: Nanoparticles were prepared by modified emulsification solvent evaporation and characterized for various physicochemical characteristics viz., size, size distribution, mesalamine entrapment, and in-vitro release. Results: Amongst the various formulations prepared, formulation F5 mesalamine nanoparticles made with Eudragit RS100 showed drug entrapment of 72.09% with comparative discrete nearing spherical particle size of 200 nm. In-vivo targeting potential of nanoparticles to the inflamed tissue was evaluated in acetic acid-induced colitis rat model and efficacy was compared with pristine mesalamine powder. Biochemical estimations were carried in colonic tissue homogenate to check the oxidative damage. The myeloperoxidase activity and lipid peroxides were significantly decreased and glutathione content increased after the oral administration of mesalamine nanoparticles compared to pure drug mesalamine. Conclusion: This delivery system enabled the drug to accumulate in the inflamed tissue with higher efficiency than the pure drug thus nanoparticulate system was efficient in mitigating the experimental colitis.

Background: Among the various types of stem cells which have been suggested for therapeutic purposes, human amnion epithelial cells (hAEC) are highly promising. Purpose: This study aims to assess the knowledge and attitudes of the Taif University population toward the therapeutic potential of hAEC. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out among the students of Taif University. A self-administrated questionnaire was used in this descriptive study. The questionnaire consisted of demographic information, knowledge, and attitudes regarding stem cells and hAEC. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS-IBM 25. Results: Out of 1026 subjects, 908 (88.6%) were female, 686 (66.9%) from the age group of less than 25 years, 984 (96%) Saudi nationals, and 834 (81.45%) were undergraduate students. Unfortunately, 35% of the subjects in this study have no idea about stem cells and 55% have never heard about hAEC. Only a moderate level of knowledge score was noticed among the participants about stem cells. Significantly (P=0.001) high percentage of females would like to conserve their human amniotic epithelial cells for family or for research purposes. More than 88% of the subjects would like to have awareness programs in the community about human amniotic epithelial cells. The knowledge and attitude scores were shown to have a substantial positive association. Conclusion: As a result of this research, it is suggested that various stem cell educational programs and awareness campaigns need to be implemented in universities in order to improve stem cell knowledge and encourage a more positive attitude toward the use of stem cells for therapeutic purposes.