Peculiar characteristics of cytotoxic endometrial cells' response depending on the clinical aspects (frequency, gestational age, form of miscarriage, hysteroscopic pattern) have been studied. Patients with pregnancy loss in their past medical history demonstrate a decreased level of CD8 þ lymphocytes, and the decrease is exacerbated as the incidence of miscarriages increases and in the presence of endometrial hypoplasia. The content of CD16 þ lymphocytes increases in comparison with the control group, however, there is a reducing trend of this phenotype of killers as the incidence of miscarriages increases and in the presence of endometrial hypoplasia. Reduction of CD56 þ lymphocytes progresses with repeated pregnancy loss and endometrial hyperplasia. ARTICLE HISTORY

With the view of comprehensive assessment of immunity in 75 female patients having recurrent pregnancy loss in the past medical history, profiles of lymphocyte subpopulations from peripheral blood and endometrium were investigated. Depending on CD16+ levels in peripheral blood, female patients were divided into two groups: 43 females with low (first group) and 32 with high CD16+ levels (second group). It was found that the patients with high level of CD16+ lymphocytes had significantly higher levels of expression of the activation markers HLA-DR+ and CD95+ than those in the control group, and CD25+ expression levels were also higher compared to the first group. As a criterion for choosing the type of immunotherapy, CD95+/CD16+ index is used. If its value is less than 0.8 in the context of decrease of CD3+, CD4+, interferon inductors are prescribed, in case the index value is within the range of 0.9-1.29, interferon preparations are expedient. If the index value exceeds 1.3, interleukin-2 preparations are to be administered. KeywordsComprehensive assessment of immunity, recurrent miscarriage History

The paper explores the system immunity role of the first trimester missed abortion using the study of maintenance in populations and subpopulations of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. Immune system disorders might cause self-regulation failure and immune response change. Recognition and removal of these disorders allow successful performing of implantation and increasing the probability for the pregnancy carriage. Survey of certain systemic immunity indicators dynamics and their contribution into the missed abortion progression, as well as development of early forecasting methods and prevention of such pregnancy complication aimed to reduce tissue-destroying responses towards a growing embryo and immunologic reactivity defects regeneration are of scientific and practical interest.

<b>Background:</b> Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a widespread illness that mostly affects women, particularly those who have recently given birth or gone through menopause. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to compare the effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle exercises (PFME) plus biofeedback to PFME alone in treating SUI in female patients.<br /> <b>Methods:</b> We systemically searched six electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) from inception until February 7, 2022. We included randomized controlled trials (RTCs) comparing patients who had undergone PFME plus biofeedback to PFME alone. For risk of bias-2 (RoB2) assessment, we used cochrane risk of bias assessment tool. Continuous data were pooled as standardized mean difference (SMD), and dichotomous data were pooled as odds ratio with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI).<br /> <b>Results:</b> 15 RCTs were included, with a total of 788 patients with SUI. The overall effect estimate between PFME+BF and PFME alone groups favored the PFME+BF group in improving PFME strength (SMD=0.33, 95% CI [0.14 to 0.52], p=.0009) and did not favor either of the two groups for quality of life (SMD=-0.22, 95% CI [-0.44 to 0.00], p=0.05), leakage (SMD=-0.10, 95% CI [-0.37 to 0.17], p=0.47), pad weight test (SMD=-0.22, 95% CI [-0.44 to 0.00], p=0.05), cure rate (odd ratio [OR]=2.44, 95% CI [0.52 to 11.42, p=0.26), and social activity (SMD=0.66, 95% CI [-0.04 to 1.36], p=0.07).<br /> <b>Conclusion: </b>BF addition to PRME improves cure rate and PFME strength without affecting leakage or quality of life. Healthcare providers must consider patient safety and comfort while choosing BF devices with PFME. SUI management strategies should include BF to improve results.

A molecular genetic study of DNA in 98 pregnant women with mycoplasma infection and 100 healthy pregnant women was carried out. The results of the study revealed that the presence of the homozygous mutant genotype AA increases the risk of pro-inflammatory processes in the body by 6.7 times, and the carriage of GA genotypic variants increases the risk of its occurrence by 2.6 times.