The storage size of the image and video repositories are growing day by day due to the extensive use of digital image acquisition devices. The position of an object within an image is obtained by analyzing the content-based properties like shape, texture, and color, while compositional properties present the image layout and include the photographic rule of composition. The high-quality images are captured on the basis of the rule of thirds that divide each image into nine square areas. According to this rule, salient objects of an image are placed on the intersection points or along the imagery lines of the grid to capture the position of the salient objects. To improve image retrieval performance, visual-bag-of-words (VBoW) framework-based image representation is widely used nowadays. According to this framework, the spatial relationship between salient objects of an image is lost due to the formation of a global histogram of the image. This article presents a novel adapted triangular area-based technique, which computes local intensity order pattern (LIOP) features, weighted soft codebooks, and triangular histograms from the four triangular areas of each image. The proposed technique adds the spatial contents from four adapted triangular areas of each image to the inverted index of the VBoW framework, solve overfitting problem of the larger sizes of the codebook, and overwhelmed the problem of the semantic gap. The experimental results and statistical analysis performed on five image collections show an encouraging robustness of the proposed technique that is compared with the recent CBIR techniques.

Tuberculosis is a worldwide contagious and chronic disease of human as well as domestic animals with zoonotic potential. The Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are the main cause of tuberculosis. It has worldwide distribution with significant effect on animals and has public health importance. Therefore the present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis among the ruminant of district Kohat, Khyber PakhtunKhwa and also to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of Microscopy and PCR. A total 200 tissue samples of lungs, lymph nodes and liver from cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats were collected from Abattoir Kohat. All the tissue were first examined by direct smear microscopy by Ziehl Neelsen staining and then subjected to the PCR for the detection of M. bovis and M. tuberculosis. The overall prevalence of tuberculosis was 6.5% by PCR.Prevalence of tuberculosis was recorded in7.87% of lungs samples followed by 5.26% lymph node. Moreover the prevalence was found 5.2%, 4%, 10.6% and 6.5% in cattle, buffalos, Goats and sheep respectively. Furthermorethe sensitivity and specificity of PCR and microscopy in term of detection of TB was determined that PCR was found less sensitive then microscopy because of other species which was not amplified due to non availability of specific primer and were found positive in microscopy.In conclusion PCR is more reliable diagnostic tool for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. It is recommended that PCR based diagnostic reference laboratory may be established at district level and Tuberculosis awareness campaign must be arranged.

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This study analyzes the institutional determinants of bilateral trade flows and homogeneity effect for Pakistan with ECO countries by using panel data for years 2003-2014. Gravity trade model is estimated through panel least squares technique. Impact of institutions is very important for international trade as international businesses involve many governance systems. The results show that average impact of institutional quality and bilateral trade flows is positive. Moreover, institutional homogeneity effect exhibits that bilateral trade flows are positively related with the governance similarity. Thus, institutional quality and institutional homogeneity has dominant impact on the bilateral trade flows.

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