Existing research attributes the problem of weak research productivity of academics inAfrican universities primarily to institutional resource poverty and inadequate research skills. However, there has been little attention to research cultures and the role of leaders in fostering productive ones. Drawing from the literature on organizational culture, this study examines the role of university leaders in developing research cultures. The study explores how institution leaders do this within the higher education contexts in their countries. The empirical work is based on qualitative interviews with senior and mid-level university leaders in six sub-Saharan countries. While all of the leaders espoused clear views about the elements of a productive research culture, results indicate a significant gap remains between espoused values for research and the actual research culture. Theoretically, the research extends the concept of research cultures by demonstrating the complex dynamics between research cultures, culture embedding mechanisms, and leader behavior within contextual constraints.

This paper presents a study of the Subjunctive in the Bantu languages of Giryama in Kenya (E72a) and Nyanja in Tanzania (N201), and explores its distribution in the two languages. As in other Bantu languages, the Subjunctive is a morphological feature characterized by a verbal suffix -e, an obligatory subject marker, and the absence of tense. Syntactically, the Subjunctive appears in independent clauses, as well as dependent clauses with a certain class of predicates and adverbial subordinators. Independent clauses that may carry the Subjunctive are those that express exhortations or suggestions, and sentences marked with the future tense. Dependent clauses with Subjunctive verbs include: (a) complement clauses containing directive, volitional, and causative verbs, and (b) adverbial clauses such as clauses of purpose. Studies of the subjunctive have often associated its semantic distribution with irrealis, in contrast with the Indicative, which is associated with realis or assertion. We present evidence showing that the irrealis reading may sometimes appear to be absent. We argue that irrealis may not be a necessary and sufficient condition for the Subjunctive. However, the onstructions that give irrealis readings provide the best exemplars of Subjunctives in these two languages. Independent clause Subjunctives are shown to be clearly non-factive. Matrix verbs that take subjunctive complements are described as presupposition triggers of events that are non-factive relative to the matrix event.

Katika makala haya, watafiti anaeleza jinsi usimulizi wa hadithi umeathiriwa na usasa katika jamii ya Wamasaaba nchini Uganda. Anafanya hivyo kwa kulinganisha hali ilivyo sasa na jinsi ilivyokuwa kabla Wazungu hawajazuru barani Afrika. Mtafiti analinganisha miktadha ya utendaji wa hadithi na anatoa maelezo kuhusu mitindo mbalimbali ya utendaji. Anaeleza jinsi Waafrika walivyosimulia watoto wao hadithi kabla ya Wazungu kuja barani humu. Kwenye kazi hii, madhumuni ya utafiti ni: kudhihirisha athari za usasa kwenye masimulizi ya kinathari. Pili, kueleza stadi zilizokuwa zikitumiwa na Waafrika katika usimulizi wa hadithi. Mkabala wa utafiti ulikuwa wa nyanjani. Kwa kutumia mkabala huu, mtafiti alizuru nyanjani halafu akaanza kuendeleza mahojiano na wahojiwa wake. Kabla hajafanya hivyo, mtafiti alijitambulisha kwa wahojiwa wake na kuwaambia sababu za utafiti wake. Alifanya hivyo ili kuwaondolea wasiwasi. Majibu ya wahojiwa yalijumlisha data ambazo zilihitajika na mtafiti. Matokeo ya utafiti yanaonyesha kuwa usimulizi wa hadithi umefifia sana katika jamii ya Wamasaaba kutokana na usasa. Sababu ambazo zimepelekea usimulizi wa hadithi kufifia jamii hii pia zimeelezwa. Miongoni mwa sababu hizo ni: ulevi ambao hufanya watu kurejea nyumbani wakiwa wamelewa na kushindwa kusimulia watoto wao hadithi. Sababu nyingine ni wazazi kuthamini elimu ya kisasa na kuacha utamaduni wao wa kulea watoto ili baadaye wawe wake na waume wazuri. Wazazi kuhamasisha watoto wao wasome vitabu badala ya kuwasimulia hadithi. Nne, wazazi kuwa na lengo la kuelimisha watoto wao ili baadaye wapate kazi za afisi. Tano, jambo la kuwepo na utandawazi ambalo limepelekea watu kujumuika na kuiga tamaduni za kigeni. Upeo wa utafiti huu ulihusika na mabadiliko kwenye usimulizi wa hadithi na sababu ambazo zimepelekea utamaduni wa kusimulia hadithi kufifia katika jamii ya Wamasaaba nchini Uganda. Mtafiti alitumia mbinu ya bahati nasibu kuteua sampuli za wahojiwa.