In this study, single groove nanoscratch experiments using a friction force microscope (FFM) with a monocrystalline diamond tip were conducted on a c-plane sapphire wafer to analyze the ductile-regime removal and deformation mechanism including the anisotropy. Various characteristics, such as scratch force, depth, and specific energy for each representative scratch direction on the c-plane of sapphire, were manifested by the FFM, and the results of the specific scratch energy showed a trend of six-fold symmetry on taking lower values than those of the other scratch directions when the scratch directions correspond to the basal slip directions as 0001⟨112¯0⟩. Since this can be due to the effect of most probably basal slip or less probably basal twinning on the c-plane, a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of zinc, which is one of the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) crystals with similar slip/twining systems, was attempted to clarify the phenomena. The comparison results between the nanoscratch experiment and the MD simulation revealed that both the specific scratch energy and the burr height were minimized when scratched in the direction of the basal slip. Therefore, it was found that both the machining efficiency and the accuracy could be improved by scratching in the direction of the basal slip in the single groove nanoscratch of c-plane sapphire.

The aim of th ｛ s study was to investigate the psychophysiologica 且 processing during putting ． Eight athletes were recruited as subjects from a university golf club and given lOO trials of putting a ball to a hole， which was placed 200 cm away from the ballposition ． EEG was recorded during the performance from Cz site with 5． O sec time constant ． Trials were divided into two categ6ries according to the alternative judgements that were made immediately after each putt ； one was a feeling of su ess of putting and the other was a fee且 ing of fai 且 ure ． The averaged readiness − pt 〕 tential for the feelingof − failure tria苴 s was larger than that for the f 踊ng く) f ・ success trails ． However ， the estimated readiness potential component for the fee 且 ing ・ of − failure trials ， which was obtained by the principal component ana 蒹 ysis， was not 里 arger than that for the feeling − of ・ success traials ． Moreover， for the feeling − of − failure trials ， two estimated readiness P 。t。 nti・1s a ・d m ・t・r p・t・ nti ・ 1・ were ・bt・i ・ ed ． ・These ・ es ・ lts s 9・・t ・ th・t tw ・ P ・ y ・h・1 ・ 卿 1 P ， esses c ・・ t・ib ・ t・ th・ ・ubjecti ・・ feeli ・ g ・f f・il ・ ・e i・ P ・ tti ・ g whi1 ・ ・nly ・ne p ・ y ・ h・且 ・ gical process is involved in the feeling of success in putting ・ Key words ： golf， putting ， readiness pote 皿 tial σ

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