Aims:To compare the efficacy, complications, cost analysis and hospital stay between two methods of drainage of the kidney: double J (DJ) stent versus nephrostomy tube following open pyeloplasty for ureteropelvic junction obstruction hydronephrosis.Patients and Methods:This was a prospective randomized study of 20 patients in each group over 14 months. Pre and post-operative (3 months) function and drainage were assessed by ethylenedicysteine scan and intravenous urogram.Results:Both groups showed similar good improvement in function and drainage. Nephrostomy group had significantly longer hospital stay (P < 0.001) but incurred less cost. Complications with nephrostomy included tube breakage (n = 1) and urine leak after tube removal (n = 2). DJ stents were associated with stent migration (n = 4), increased frequency of micturition (n = 9), dysuria (n = 4) and urinary tract infection (n = 1).Conclusion:Both methods of drainage did not interfere with improvement after pyeloplasty. Minor complications were more with DJ stent (P = 0.0003). Although overall cost of treatment was more with stents, they reduced length of hospital stay. Optimal length of stent is essential to reduce complications secondary to migration and bladder irritation.

High temperature during the crop growing period is detrimental as it results in reduction of yield. A diverse set of rice germplasm consisting of 60 genotypes was grown at two different sowing times (normal and late) and were exposed naturally to high temperature in the late sown condition (stress). There was a severe reduction in grain yield and spikelet fertility in all the genotypes in the late sown crop. Yield based indices were computed based on grain yield recorded under normal and stress conditions. Indices Stress Susceptibility Index (STI), Geometric Mean Production (GMP), Mean Production (MP), Yield Index (YI), Modified stress tolerance (K1STI and K2STI) were positively correlated with yield recorded under both normal and high temperature stress condition and can be considered as suitable indices for screening of rice genotypes under high temperature conditions. Ranking genotypes based on the indices revealed that Rasi, HKR47, IR64, Khudaridhan, Akshayadhan and N22 exhibited the highest mean rank and hence they can be identified as heat-tolerant genotypes. ADT43, Vandana, IR36, MTU1001, ADT49 and Krishnahamsa had a lower rank and were identified as susceptible genotypes to high-temperature stress.

Objective: The objective of this method is to develop a stability-indicating reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantification of related substances in the drug substance and tablet dosage form of Fampridine.Methods: Inertsil ODS 3V, (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size) column was used for the separation of analytes. Mobile phase A was prepared by dissolving 6.8 g of potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (0.05 mol) and 1 g of 1-octane sulfonic acid into a 1000 ml of water, pH was adjusted to 4.0±0.05 with diluted orthophosphoric acid. Mobile phase B was prepared by mixing the above phosphate buffer (pH 4.0) and acetonitrile in 20:80 (% v/v). Gradient mode was used with the flow rate of 1.0 ml/minutes, and the peaks were monitored at 260 nm.Results: Linearity results showed that the correlation coefficient (r2) is >0.995 for individual active drug substances as well as their related substances in the range of limit of quantification to 150% of the specification concentration (0.5% with respect to sample concentration of 0.4 mg/ml). Accuracy of the method was established with their recovery values in the range of 98.5-104.5% with the % RSD not more than 1.7%. The method was proved by highly precise (% RSD of intra-day and inter-day study was not more than 4.3%) and more robust.Conclusion: Present method is able to separate two related compounds with each other and with the main drug substance with the resolution more than 2.0. The test standard solution and test solution were found to be stable in diluent up to 24 hrs. The mass balance of forced degradation of formulations is close to 99% made this method as a stability indicating method.