Background: Various literature sources describe three narrowest anatomic spots in the ureter as the most potential points for ureteric calculi to form and these are: the pelvi-ureteric junction (PUJ), the point where the ureters cross over the iliac vessels and the ureterovesical junction (UVJ).Methods: This study included patients who presented with symptomatic obstructing ureteric calculi and who required uretero renoscopic lithotripsy (URSL). The procedure was selected according to stone size, location and degree of impaction.Results: Of the total of 100 patients, 43 were females and 57 were males. 69 patients had Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and 31 patients had no Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms with the calculi. The age of the patients ranged from 17 years to 65 years and the stone size ranged from 7mm to 15mm. Lower ureteric calculi with LUTS are good indicators.Conclusions: We can approach lower ureteric calculi without use of dilators or 6/7.5ureteroscope in patients with LUTS.

Background: Globally, abdominal trauma is a major public health problem irrespective of socioeconomic levels. Severe blood loss and infection are the serious complication of any abdominal trauma. A detailed assessment for early identification and prompt management is required to reduce the mortality and morbidity in any abdominal trauma. Hence this study was designed to assess the incidence and patterns of abdominal injuries in trauma patients.Methods: It was assorted and identified the incidence and sub type of abdominal injuries and associated trauma, and identified variables related to morbidity and mortality.Results: A total of 150 abdominal trauma cases were analyzed; 103 patients with blunt abdominal trauma and 47 with penetrating. The most frequent type of abdominal trauma was blunt trauma; its most common cause was motor vehicle accident. Most abdominal trauma patients presented with other injuries, especially patients with blunt abdominal trauma. Mortality was higher among penetrating abdominal trauma patients.Conclusions: Type of abdominal trauma, associated injuries, and Revised Trauma Score are independent risk factors for mortality in abdominal trauma patients.