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Dengue virus is the most common mosquito borne viral infection and is caused by four different serotypes of dengue virus, named DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4, which belongs to Flaviviridae family and Flavivirus genus. It is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito from one infected person to another healthy person. A frontal headache, retro-orbital pain, body aches, rashes, nausea, vomiting, weakness and a high body temperature are the main symptoms of dengue infection. Dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome can result in death in severe cases if proper treatment is not given. Several medical technologies, such as monoclonal antibodies, tetravalent subunits, inactivated and live attenuated vaccines have been adopted globally, but developing and under developed countries cannot afford them due to high costs. Various developing countries use herbal and natural remedies to prevent and control dengue. In this review, we are discussing about various plant species that have antiviral, ovicidal, larvicidal and mosquito repellent properties as well as compound that can be used to treat dengue fever.

Surface and ground water have been contaminated is a result of the improper disposal of industrial and municipal waste. Seasonal variations in human interference and natural processes particularly rainfall and temperature have an impact on the water quality of aquatic ecosystems. During the study, Sarjana tank showed the lowest average value of water temperature, 25.31ºC, whereas Gadwa pond had the maximum average value of water temperature (28.25ºC). The highest depth of visibility observed in Bada Madar tank (104cm) in winter 2019 and lowest depth of visibility observed in downstream pond (9.2cm) in monsoon 2019. Industrial pollution was responsible for comparatively low pH in the ponds of Berach river viz Upstream, Downstream, Gadwa, Daroli pond and Sarjana tank. The maximum average dissolved oxygen was found in Fatehsagar lake and minimum average dissolved oxygen found in Daroli pond. Udaisagar lake had highest alkalinity of 324.00 mg/l during winter 2018 and the lowest value of 68mg/l was observed in Down-stream pond in winter 2019. Chhota Madar tank had the lowest average hardness value of 136.61 mg/L. The highest mean conductivity (3.1018 m.mhos.) value was observed in the Down-stream pond and the lowest mean conductivity (0.3178 m.mhos.) in Chota Madar pond. Lowest TDS value (151.8 ppm) was in Bada Madar tank during the monsoon of 2018 and highest (4999.2 ppm) was in the downstream pond during winter 2018. Lowest mean chloride was found in Fatehsagar lake while highest mean chloride was found in downstream pond. Chhota Madar tank was found to be most rich in phosphates (0.4856 mg/l).

Blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra) belongs to the Bovidae family and subfamily Antilopinae and is distributed in India, Pakistan, Nepal and United Arab Emirates. It can live in wide variety of habitats, including grassland, bush land, scrubland and dry thorn habitats. Sexual dimorphism is very clear. Males have blackish or dark brown coat colours, while females have a yellowish coat colour. Males have a shorter lifespan as compared to females. Generally, blackbuck forage in the daytime but sometimes also forage at night and their foraging activity patterns are influenced by environmental factors and seasonal variations. They use to prefer wide variety of food materials, like leaves, grasses, cereals, vegetables, shrubs and varieties of crops. During the breeding season, males become territorial. Herd size is also affected by the seasons and environmental factors. Exotic species invasion, habitat loss, anthropogenic activity, overgrazing and agricultural expansion, urbanization and industrialization all reduce suitable habitat for blackbuck survival. Illegal hunting, poaching, habitat loss, road killing and lack of genetic variation are also responsible for the dramatic decline in the population of blackbuck. Study of genetic variation, captive breeding and the establishment of a blackbuck rescue centre might be helpful for enhancing the population and survival of blackbucks.

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