Compact astrocyte models are useful to study cell-averaged signals such as whole-cell or somatic Ca 2+ signals recorded in the majority of experiments (Schuster et al., 2002;Falcke, 2004).

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The impact of tax incentives on the investment attractiveness of bonds for retail investors is assessed in the article. The paper presents a comparative empirical analysis of investment attractiveness of Russian bonds and bank deposits for domestic retail investors. We identify investment preferences of retail investors in Russia, analyze investment characteristics of deposits in Russian banks and a variety of bonds available for retail investors. Given the tax benefits of the recently introduced Individual Investment Account, we show that the real yield of investment in government bonds is over eight times higher than the yield of bank deposits. Despite higher risks of investing in bonds, we conclude that government bonds taking into account the tax benefits of the Individual Investment Account could be a realistic alternative to bank deposits for Russian retail investors.

A “silver economy” can drive economic growth. The key condition is effective demand, determined by the number of financially secure members of the elderly population. The aim of this study is to assess the conditions of the Russian “silver economy”, identify the constraints on its growth, and develop recommendations for their elimination to achieve Sustainable Development Goals. We applied multivariate statistical analysis methods. The absolute and structural numbers of elderly people in Russia were found to not differ much from those in the developed countries of Europe. Their financial support exhibits several important features. A state pension plays a key role in financing the needs of Russian pensioners. Income from labor occupies the second position. Asset-based reallocations are negligible. Public programs will improve the standard of living of current pensioners. For future pensioners, it is important to increase the income received from asset-based reallocations. Russian pensioners were found to have had a negative experience of participation in the funded pension system. It is necessary to stimulate the voluntary participation of future pensioners in the funded pension system and to change the regulation of the investment activities of pension managers. In general, the formation of conditions favorable to the “silver economy” may turn it into a driver of sustainable development in Russia.

The development of market relations in Russia is directly related to the formation and development of the financial market which is considered in developed countries as an attractive alternative to a bank deposit for investing household savings. At the same time, the overwhelming majority of the population of Russia prefers deposit and investments in foreign currency to achieve their financial goals. Our paper substantiates the availability of opportunities for direct personal investment in debt and equity securities and conditions for diversification, including international through the use of ETF, that are attractive by the riskreturn criterion in the Russian financial market. We note that the expansion of the market of exchange mutual funds through the appearance of Russian management companies. Direct investment in securities through a brokerage agreement is characterized by low transaction costs. Growth factors of return on investment in securities are associated with tax incentives. The reason for the high volatility is the dependence of the state of the Russian financial market on macroeconomic conditions, including foreign policy events.