Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an oncogenic deltaretrovirus that infects cattle worldwide. In Uruguay, it is estimated that more than 70% of dairy cattle are infected, causing serious economic losses due to decreased milk production, increased calving interval, and livestock losses due to lymphosarcoma. Several attempts to develop vaccine candidates that activate protective immune responses against BLV were performed, but up to date, there is no vaccine that ensures efficient protection and/or decreased viral transmission. The development and application of new vaccines that effectively control BLV infection represent a major challenge for countries with a high prevalence of infection. In this study, we generated two Drosophila melanogaster S2 stable cell lines capable of producing BLV virus-like particles (BLV-VLPs). One of them, BLV-VLP1, expressed both Gag and Env wild-type (Envwt) full-length proteins, whereas BLV-VLP2 contain Gag together with a mutant form of Env non-susceptible to proteolytic maturation by cellular furin type enzymes (EnvFm). We showed that Envwt is properly cleaved by cellular furin, whereas EnvFm is produced as a full-length gp72 precursor, which undergoes some partial cleavage. We observed that said mutation does not drastically affect its expression or its entry into the secretory pathway of S2 insect cells. In addition, it is expressed on the membrane and retains significant structural motifs when expressed in S2 insect cells. Morphology and size of purified BLV-VLPs were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, showing numerous non-aggregated and approximately spherical particles of variable diameter (70–200 nm) as previously reported for retroviral VLPs produced using different expression systems. Furthermore, we identified two N-glycosylation patterns rich in mannose in EnvFm protein displayed on VLP2. Our results suggest that the VLPs produced in Drosophila S2 cells could be a potential immunogen to be used in the development of BLV vaccines that might contribute, in conjunction with other control strategies, to reduce the transmission of the virus.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, can have a wide range of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic disease to potentially life-threatening complications. Convalescent plasma therapy has been proposed as an effective alternative for the treatment of severe cases. The aim of this study was to follow a two-time renal transplant patient with severe COVID-19 treated with convalescent plasma over time from an immunologic and virologic perspective. A 42-year-old female patient, who was a two-time kidney transplant recipient, was hospitalized with COVID-19. Due to worsening respiratory symptoms, she was admitted to the intensive care unit, where she received two doses of convalescent plasma. We analyzed the dynamics of viral load in nasopharyngeal swab, saliva, and tracheal aspirate samples, before and after convalescent plasma transfusion. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antibody titers were also measured in serum samples. A significant decrease in viral load was observed after treatment in the saliva and nasopharyngeal swab samples, and a slight decrease was observed in tracheal aspirate samples. In addition, we found evidence of an increase in antibody titers after transfusion, accompanied by a decrease in the levels of several cytokines responsible for cytokine storm.

Background: COVID-19, an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, can provoke a vast range of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic to potentially life-threatening complications. At the beginning, convalescent plasma therapy has been proposed as an effective alternative to treat severe cases. The aim of this study was to follow over time a two-time renal transplanted COVID-19 severe patient treated with convalescent plasma from an immunological and virologic perspective.Case presentation: A 42-year-old female patient, two-time kidney transplanted was hospitalized with COVID-19. Due to worsening of respiratory symptoms, she was admitted to the intensive care unit where she received two doses of convalescent plasma. Conclusion: We analyzed the dynamics of viral load in nasopharyngeal swab, saliva and tracheal aspirate samples, before and after convalescent plasma transfusion. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and antibody titers were also measured in serum samples. A post-treatment decrease in viral load was observed to be sharp in saliva and nasopharyngeal swab samples, and slight in tracheal aspirate samples. Furthermore, we evidenced an increase of antibody titers post transfusion, accompanied with a decrease of several cytokines responsible of the cytokine storm.

Resumen. Se analiza la eficiencia, desde una perspectiva agregada, en el uso de los factores de producción de 501 cooperativas agroalimentarias españolas en los años 2014-2017. Las cooperativas del estudio abarcan 22 actividades principales y se agrupan en 4 tamaños. Se trata de evaluar la aplicación adecuada de los recursos en la obtención de bienes o servicios para lo cual se obtienen, para cada cooperativa, tres indicadores que relacionan los gastos en recursos con los ingresos de explotación. Estos indicadores reflejan el uso de los factores de producción, y su inversa corresponde a una medida de eficiencia. Se realiza un análisis de tipo comparativo y multifactorial que se basa en la técnica de envolvimiento de datos (DEA) que proporciona valores de eficiencia relativos respecto a la mejor o las mejores prácticas. Se comparan los resultados de eficiencia obtenidos considerando rendimientos constantes a escala (RCE) y rendimientos variables a escala (RVE). Constatando el peso, todavía importante, que tienen las cooperativas pequeñas en el sector agroalimentario español, se obtienen valores de eficiencia medios, por tamaño de las cooperativas, y también por actividad productiva principal y por Comunidad Autónoma. Finalmente, y por la importancia del sector cooperativo agroalimentario en Cataluña, se comparan los resultados obtenidos por las cooperativas agroalimentarias catalanas con los obtenidos por las cooperativas agroalimentarias del resto de España. En los valores de eficiencia obtenidos con DEA no se aprecian sesgos en las cooperativas eficientes, que son tanto grandes, como medianas y pequeñas Se ha producido, en general, un incremento en la eficiencia media de los grupos de actividad, entre los años 2014 y 2017, tanto con RCE como con RVE. Los valores de eficiencia para las cooperativas catalanas y las cooperativas del resto de España son similares, aunque se observa una menor eficiencia para las primeras en comercio de frutas y hortalizas y en producción de pienso.