Clinicians and researchers consider that there are a variety of symptoms that constitute negative symptoms in schizophrenia, and they may use different definitions for the same symptoms. These differences are also reflected in a variety of negative symptom rating scales. Both research and clinical work are negatively affected by the lack of consensus regarding the symptoms that constitute negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Leading research groups have investigated ways to reduce heterogeneity in the domain of negative symptoms in schizophrenia; however, little attention has been paid to regional differences in the concepts of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. The objective of this review was to collect and summarize information about the assessment and treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Nineteen experts from 17 countries in CEE participated in this project. The participants collected information about their countries, including the following: (1) the most important publications about negative symptoms in schizophrenia (irrespective of the time of their publication); (2) the most frequently used negative symptom of schizophrenia in clinical practice; (3) definitions of frequently used negative symptoms; and (4) treatment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. The participating experts/countries most frequently reported the following five negative symptoms: avolition, blunted affect, alogia, asociality, and anhedonia. Several experts also considered other symptoms as belonging to the negative symptom domain, such as a decrease in energy level and changes in personality. The importance of evaluating the long-term course and the relationship between negative symptoms and other symptom domains was also noted. No noticeable differences were reported in the treatment of negative symptoms compared to currently published guidelines and algorithms. The most frequently reported negative symptoms included those defined by the NIMH-MATRICS consensus statement on negative symptoms and recently endorsed in a guidance paper of the European Psychiatric Association. The main differences in the concepts, names, and definitions of primary negative symptoms, especially those related to personality changes, and to the evaluation of the long-term course and relationship between different symptom domains in CEE compared to the current English language literature deserve the attention of psychiatrists and other professionals in this field.

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According to the WHO, more than 350 million people suffer from depres- sive disorders. The etiology and pathogen- esis of depressive episodes and recurrent depressive disorders have not yet been definitively established. The formation of depressive disorders is due to a com- bination of such factors as biological (constitutional and genetic), psychological and social. Taking into account the level of prevalence of depressive disorders, the assessment of their clinical and psy- chopathological features and approaches to their therapy continues. In order to de- termine the targets of thera py for recur- rent depressive disorders, an examination of patients with recurrent depressive dis- orders was conducted. In the conditions of the Department of borderline psychiatry of the "Institute of Neurology, Psychiatry and Narcology of the NAMS of Ukraine" SI: 175 patients with recurrent depression were examined, among them 74.85 % were women and 25.15 % were men. The ave- rage age of the examinees was 46.79 years (women — 52.25, men — 41.32). Based on the assessment of clinical and psychological manifestations of recurrent depressive disorders and psychopatho- logical aspects, the targets of therapeutic influence are established: the severity of a depressive episode (mild, moderate, severe), the specificity of psychotraumatic experiences, parameters of anti-vitality and vitality, structural features of adaptation potential.

Було обстежено 196 працівників сфери охорони неврологічного й психічного здоров’я, які упродовж 30 днів вживали Мемопрув (EVER Pharma). Було визначено, що синдром емоційного вигорання спостерігався в 68,4 % лікарів. Встановлено, що в механізмах формування емоційного вигорання провідну роль відіграють переживання психотравмуючих чинників, редукція професійних обов’язків, неадекватне емоційне реагування, розширення сфери економії емоцій, емоційна й особистісна відстороненість. Доведена ефективність Мемопруву для подолання астенії (фізичної і психічної), підвищення активності й мотивації, а також покращення процесу уваги й працездатності в осіб із синдромом емоційного вигорання.

The article presents the results of screening for factors of mental trauma, anxiety and depression, psychological characteristics of internally displaced persons (IDPs) who needed medical help. It was determined that most IDPs were distinguished by a decrease in resilience, low level of resistance to stress, the actualization of non-adaptive coping strategies, moderate severity of depression and high level of anxiety, which can be considered as goals of psychocorrection intervention in violation of the adaptation process in IDPs. A program for the psychocorrection of mental disorders of IDPs was developed and consisted of a combination of trainings of resilience and effective coping strategies. The results of its testing are presented and it is proved that its use can significantly reduce level of depression and anxiety, increase vitality, resistance to stress and contribute to the updating of more adaptive coping strategies. Key words: internally displaced persons, adaptation, medical care, psychocorrection, mental disorders