This study examines the impact of terrorism on agribusiness in Borno state. Terrorist activities in Borno state dates back to 2009 where a group of Islamic extremists popularly known as Boko Haram (meaning western education is a sin) became violent in their activities. The group operates significantly in north-eastern Nigeria where Borno state is located and since 2009. The presence of the group has led to collapse of socio-economic activities in Borno state among other states. Millions of people have been displaced fromtheir homes and forced to live in camps in neighbouring states. As a result, this study examines the impact of insurgency related activities on agribusiness in BornoState. Agricbusiness in Borno state can be measured using four different parameters, amount of area cultivated, annual crop production, rearing of livestock and fish farming. These are the major agricultural business residents of Borno state are engaged in. However due to unavailability of data, rearing of livestock and fish farming are dropped, thus focusing on area cultivated and annual crop production. As a result of these two variables, two models are developed. The first model measures the relationship between amounts of crop produced with insurgency related killings, while the second model measuresthe relationship between total areasof farmland cultivated with fatalities resulting from terrorist activity. This study employs Ordinary Least Squares methodology and finds that both relationshipsreveal negative results thus indicating statistically significant negative impact of terrorism on agribusiness in Borno State. JEL Classification: Q10, Q18, Q12

The study on the nexus between Boko Haram, causes and its effect on Nigeria economy examines the causes of BokoHaram and its effect on Nigeria economy. In as much as poverty is acclaimed to be major cause of Boko Haram, its progenitors capitalized on it to fan the embers of its recruitment thereby deriding Nigeria's economy. The recruitment of the youthful population was for them to see that they have magic wand for their emancipation. However, the analysis of various economic indices is seen to lean heavily on other indicators which aid the recruitment drive of Boko Haram against the state. The disaggregation of various economic indicators has also tilted towards other factors aside poverty as the reason for terrorism. The period of boom in Nigeria economy was mismanaged which wasfuelled by the trajectory of successive misrule over the years which also failed to put in place structures for economic growth. These theories are examined as we employ qualitative and descriptive research approach to understand the nexus between the causes of Boko Haram and its effect on Nigeria economy. The study explored various theories and theoretical discussin the literature in this regard. The study discovers that causes of Boko haram are multivariate and their effect includes ideology, Islamic fundamentalism, economic, social, poverty and religious bigotry.The result of the research reveals that ideology and religious fundamentalism are sine qua non to the effect by Boko Haram destructive tendencies against Nigeria state and central to the movement's long existence.The paper therefore recommends among others reorientation of the youth, empowerment of the impoverished and synergy among the security agencies.

This study sets out to investigate the Impact of Hate Speech on Nigeria Economy. To do this, the survey population is made up of bank officials who notice the capital flight before it trickles down to the public, and the politicians who have been accused of patronizing high dosage of hate speech. Taro Yamane formula came handy as sample questionnaires were distributed that covered the targeted population from which the primary data were extracted for analysis. Information from other literatures was helpful which include textbooks, social media, bulletins and journals. The research used survey and descriptive data also using simple percentages of figures extracted from the tables for interpretation. There are overwhelming responses and findings to the fact that hate speech impact negatively on Nigeria and aggravate capital flight while socio-political effect in Nigeria is also damming. The outcome of the research includes the recommendations that there should be citizens' orientation on rights and privileges, patriotism by all to forestall endangering the system and political will to bring offenders to book as a deterrent to others who may want to toe the same way.

Ç òî÷êè çîðó ñó÷àñíî¿ íåë³í³éíî¿ ãåîô³çèêè íåîäíîð³äí³ñòü, íàÿâí³ñòü ³ºðàðõ³÷íî¿ áëîêîâî¿ ñòðóêòóðè, àí³çîòðîï³ÿ º âèçíà÷àëüíèìè âëàñòèâîñòÿìè ïðèðîäíîãî ñåðåäîâèùà, çîêðåìà çåì-íî¿ êîðè. Áàãàòî äîñÿãíåíü ñó÷àñíî¿ òåî𳿠ñàìîîðãàí³çàö³¿ â ãåîô³çèö³ ´ðóíòóþòüñÿ íà âaeå ñïîðóäaeóâàíèõ áàçîâèõ ìîäåëÿõ ñòðóêòóðîâàíèõ ñåðåäîâèù. Ñòðóêòóðà ãðຠêëþ÷îâó ðîëü â äè-íàì³ö³ çåìíî¿ êîðè, âîíà ìຠâåëèêå çíà÷åííÿ äëÿ âèíèêíåííÿ òåêòîí³÷íèõ íàïðóaeåíü, ¿õ ëîêà-ë³çàö³¿ ³ íàñòóïíèõ ïðîöåñ³â ¿õ âèâ³ëüíåííÿ. ßê ïîêàçàíî â ðîáîò³ [Ñòàðîñòåíêî è äð., 2001], òàê³ ñòðóêòóðîâàí³ ñåðåäîâèùà íåîáõ³äíî îïèñàòè íà ì³êðî-, ìåçî-³ ìàêðîð³âíÿõ ó ðàìêàõ ìîäåëåé âçàºìîä³þ÷èõ áëîê³â, ÿê³ äîçâîëÿþòü äîñòîâ³ðíî îïèñàòè òàê³ òåêòîí³÷í³ ïðîöåñè, ÿê ôîðìóâàííÿ ³ åâîëþö³ÿ ðèôòîâèõ îñàäîâèõ áàñåéí³â, ñòèñíåííÿ çåìíî¿ êîðè â çîíàõ ñóáäóêö³¿ [Âåíãðîâè÷ 2017], ñîëÿíó òåêòîí³êó [Âåíãðîâè÷, 2010]. Âèêîðèñòîâóâàí³ ï³äõîäè äëÿ ðîçðàõóíêó äèíàì³êè âåëè÷åçíîãî ÷èñëà âçàºìîä³þ÷èõ áëîê³â äóaeå çàòðàòí³. Çàïðîïîíîâàíî ìàòåìàòè÷íó ìîäåëü ïðóaeíî¿ ïîâåä³íêè ñòðóêòóðîâàíîãî ãåîô³çè÷íîãî ñåðåäîâèùà, ùî äîçâîëÿº â ïåâíèõ âèïàäêàõ îòðèìàòè àíàë³òè÷í³ çàëåaeíîñò³ ì³ae ¿¿ ïðóaeíèìè ïàðàìåòðàìè ³ ñòðóêòóðîþ. Ñåðåäîâèùå îïèñàíî â ïåðøîìó íàáëèaeåíí³ òâåðäîþ ìàòðèöåþ ç âêëþ÷åííÿì ãðàíóë ç ³íøèìè ðåîëîã³÷íèìè âëàñòèâîñòÿìè. Ïðåäñòàâëåí³ ÷èñåëüí³ (ìîäåëü ÌÑÅ) ³ àíàë³òè÷í³ ðîçðàõóíêè ïîë³â íàïðóaeåíü â ðåàëüíèõ ñåðåäîâèùàõ äëÿ ìîäåëåé ç âíóòð³øíüîþ ïåð³îäè÷íîþ ñòðóêòóðîþ, ïîð³âíÿííÿ ÿêèõ ï³äòâåðäaeóº øèðîê³ ìåae³ çàñòîñóâàííÿ çàïðîïîíîâàíî¿ àíàë³òè÷íî¿ ìîäåë³. Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: ïîëÿ íàïðóaeåíü, ãåîô³çè÷í³ ñåðåäîâèùà, ñòðóêòóðà, êîðà, ìîäóë³ ïðóaeíîñò³.

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