The border areas of countries are aimed at playing a special role in the development of general economic and social relations, enhancing the geopolitical significance of regional interstate relations. The purpose of the work is to study and show the modern economic complex of border regions on the example of Russia and Mongolia, in which railway transport plays a significant role. Statistical and analytical comparison as a method of scientific analysis allowed examining in detail the territorial production complex of a large region, its resource dependence, and the conditionality of the functioning by the configuration of transport routes and transport accessibility indicators, both in Russia and Mongolia. The Russian railways, which connect Siberia and the Far East with the European regions of the country, continue to provide interdistrict and interregional economic relations at the present time. The Mongolian railways, which have a smaller length, perform a linking role between the fields of raw materials and the points of its processing or further transportation. The study showed that railways continue to be the basis for interregional cross-border connections. However, as the shortest transport route between the countries of Western, Central, Eastern Europe, and the countries of Central, East, and South-East Asia, the railways of the region in question, uniting the border regions of Mongolia and Russia, can strengthen their role in interstate cooperation and become the most important part of the international Eurasian transport corridors - the Steppe Route and the Silk Road.

The purpose of this paper is to define the role and place of the transportation component of the adjacent subjects of two countries in their economic potential for implementation of intergovernmental cooperation. The role and place of the transportation component in estimation of the benefits of the transportation and geographical position becomes evident only when the population, resources and economy of the border regions are jointly analyzed. The analysis of such parameters of the border regions of Russia (Western Siberia) and Kazakhstan performed by means of comparison and association of their economic and transportation potentials, showed that territorial production complexes in them have been developed, and the prospective development within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union will be determined by the joint use of the benefits of the transportation and geographic position implemented with participation of railway transport.

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Economic activity in any territory involves compliance with certain environmental parameters. The specialization of economic activity of the West Siberian North is not environmentally safe, as it is mainly associated with oil production. The ecological justification of the impact of activities on the surrounding area is an urgent scientific and practical objective of time. Climatic conditions form ecological stability of natural ecosystems to anthropogenic loads. The numerical values of the elements of heat and moisture turnover are necessary to assess the natural potential of territory. They are parameters required for the analysis and assessment in the environmental regulation of economic activity. The maximum permissible technogenic load, which reflects the degree of impact of activity on natural landscapes, is important. On the basis of the calculated characteristics of heat and moisture supply, the energy equivalents of the maximum permissible technogenic load of the surface layer of air, surface waters and phytocenoses of the studied region are determined. On the basis of the calculations and analysis their latitudinal distribution from South to North in the studied territory is revealed. The results can serve as a basis for environmental regulation of economic activity in order to evaluate the modern and long-term environmental sustainability.