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The textbook presents the history of special pedagogy as an independent branch of scientific and pedagogical knowledge. Analyzes the development of scientific thought in special education from the standpoint of modern science and development of special education people with disabilities (prescientific period — beginning of XXI century). The main stages of the development of scientific knowledge in special pedagogy in connection with the formation of its individual branches are highlighted. The most important scientific ideas, concepts, and theories that have had a decisive influence on the development of special pedagogy and its branches are presented. For students of higher education institutions studying in the areas of bachelor's and master's degree "Special (defectological) education". It can be useful for graduate students and University teachers, researchers in the field of General pedagogy.