Background: Breast cancer is a disease of high mortality globally. Inflammatory markers have been proposed as prognostic indicators. Therefore, we seek to find an association between the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and overall survival (OS) of patients with breast cancer in a Latin-American hospital. Methods: An observational, analytical, longitudinal survival study was conducted in 241 female patients with breast cancer, between 2012 and 2014. The dependent variable was OS, the independent variable was the NLR, and the intervening variables were age, clinical stage, and molecular subtype. The Kaplan–Meier method was applied to generate OS functions, and the Cox regression to find crude and adjusted hazard ratio (HR). Results: The mean age was 56.1 years and59.8% of patients had an NLR≥3.According to the Kaplan–Meier estimator, NLR≥3 (p<0.001), age>55 years (p=0.039), and clinical stage (p<0.001), were associated with a lower OS. In the multivariate analysis, the factors significantly associated to a lower OS were NLR≥3 (HRa: 2.00; CI 95%: 1.36–2.95), age>55 years (HRa: 1.64; CI 95%: 1.10–2.44), and clinical stage IV (HRa: 68; CI 95%: 2.28–20.20). Conclusions: The inflammatory marker NLR≥3 was independently associated with a lower OS. Additionally, advanced stage and older age were associated with a lower OS.
Siguiendo el espíritu de reflexión del patriarca de las letras peruanas, esta ponencia busca analizar la desigualdad social en las Tradiciones peruanas, a través de la interpretación de las frases y pensamientos que Ricardo Palma inserta en sus escritos. Se busca, además, contextualizar dicho tema con la realidad social de nuestros tiempos, para entender así lo histórico de nuestra problemática y a partir de ello escribir un nuevo camino de libertad y justicia social.
Lejos de seguir sembrando la semilla de la duda, del temor, es necesario empezar a ver a la incertidumbre como una aliada para la toma de decisiones. Recuperar lo avanzado y tomar acción en lo que realmente son problemas significativos para nuestro país: la salud y la educación. A la fecha son más de 174 000 jóvenes peruanos que frustraron su camino académico en la vida universitaria. Tres millones de peruanos que formarán parte del 30 % de compatriotas que viven en condiciones de pobreza. Es entonces que se hace imperioso el mensaje de la juventud, de la voz de esperanza y aliento, pero que esto no signifique negar la realidad ni dejar a otros interpretar nuestra propia realidad.
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