Background: HIV incidence among women of reproductive age and vertical HIV transmission rates remain high in Latin America. We, therefore, quantified HIV care continuum barriers and outcomes among pregnant women living with HIV (WLWH) in Latin America. Methods: WLWH (aged ≥16 years) enrolling at Caribbean, Central and South America network for HIV epidemiology (CCA-SAnet) sites from 2000 to 2017 who had HIV diagnosis, pregnancy and delivery dates contributed. Logistic regression produced adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for retention in care (≥2 visits ≥3 months apart) and virological suppression (viral load <200 copies/mL) 12 months after pregnancy outcome. Cumulative incidences of loss to follow-up (LTFU) postpartum were estimated using Cox regression. Evidence of HIV status at pregnancy confirmation was the exposure. Covariates included pregnancy outcome (born alive vs. others); AIDS diagnosis prior to delivery; CD4, age, HIV-1 RNA and cART regimen at first delivery and CCASAnet country. Results: Among 579 WLWH, median postpartum follow-up was 4.34 years (IQR 1.91, 7.35); 459 (79%) were HIV-diagnosed before pregnancy confirmation, 445 (77%) retained in care and 259 (45%) virologically suppressed at 12 months of postpartum. Cumulative incidence of LTFU was 21% by 12 months and 40% by five years postpartum. Those HIV-diagnosed during pregnancy had lower odds of retention (aOR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.97) and virological suppression (aOR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.31 to 0.82) versus those HIV-diagnosed before. Conclusion: HIV diagnosis during pregnancy was associated with poorer 12-month retention and virological suppression. Young women should be tested and linked to HIV care earlier to narrow these disparities.

Incidental pathologic findings at the time of Cesarean section are exceedingly uncommon. Similarly, occult low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms and other noninflammatory, non-neoplastic appendiceal pathologies are rare, although appendiceal neoplasia, most commonly well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors, may be found during evaluation of acute appendicitis. Here we report the first case of incidental coincident low-grade appendiceal mucinous tumor and endometriosis involving the appendix at the time of Cesarean section. We highlight pitfalls in the histopathologic evaluation of these processes, particularly given the setting of decidualization of ectopic endometrial stroma, as well as the prognostic implications of low-grade appendiceal mucinous tumors to emphasize the importance of clinicopathologic correlation and careful intraoperative examination of the appendix and other visible structures during Cesarean section.

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