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The phenomena of flow reduction and flow enhancement was observed in case of viscoelastic and viscoinelastic fluids flowing through packed beds, respectively. In this study, the pressure drop-flow rate behaviors for the flow of Newtonian (water), non-Newtonian viscoinelastic (Carboxy methyl cellulose solution in water, CMC) and viscoelastic (Polyacrylamide solution in water, PAA) fluids have been experimentally studied and pressure drop behavior compared with existing models for viscoinelastic and viscoelastic fluids. Based on the observed data, an appropriate empirical correlation for pressure drop prediction in case of non-Newtonian fluid flowing through packed bed has been proposed. The correlation predicts the data well to within a reasonable accuracy. f mod = 150 Re (1 + 3.23 × 10 6 We 4.7 ) 3n + 1 4n −9n

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This paper presents the optimal placement of multiple Dispersed Generators using multi-objective optimization. The optimization is carried out with objectives namely active power loss, reactive power loss, voltage deviation and overall economy. The multi-objective optimization and accounting conflicting objectives are realized through Particle Swarm Optimization with fuzzy decision approach to find the optimal sizes and sites of Dispersed Generators for voltage dependent residential, commercial and industrial loads. The clusters of buses are formulated from base case load flow to limit the search space for finding the placement of the Dispersed Generators. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is tested on a 69-bus radial distribution. It is found that the optimal placement of the Dispersed Generators improves the overall performance of the system and the optimal allocation is affected by the type of load.

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