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Prior studies have shown that argemone oil (AO), responsible for 'Epidemic dropsy', causes inhibition of catalytic activities of Cytochrome P450 (P450). In this study interaction of sanguinarine (SAN) alkaloid, isolated from AO, with rat hepatic P450 was investigated. Hepatic microsomes prepared from 3-methylcholantherene (3MC) treated rats when incubated with SAN (1-3 muM) resulted in a spectral peak at 385 nm and a trough at 415 nm, indicative of Type I binding. Incubation of SAN (50-200 muM) with hepatic microsomes prepared from phenobarbitone (PB) treated rats also showed a Type I spectra with a peak at 395 nm and a trough at 420 nm. Relative binding efficiency (DeltaA(max)/K(s)(app) factor) of SAN with P450 was found to be 1540 and 1030 absorbance units/nmol CYP/M for 3MC and PB induced microsomes, respectively. In a P450 spectral inhibition study SAN showed higher affinity towards 3MC eliciting inhibition at much lesser concentrations (0.25-5 muM) as compared to PB (100-300 muM). The IC50s of SAN with different catalytic markers of P450 isoforms, i.e. ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) for CYP1A1, was 2.8 muM and for methoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (MROD) for CYP1A2 was 2.2 muM in 3MC induced microsomes, while benzoyloxyresorufin-O-deethylase (BROD) for CYP 2B1/1A1 showed an IC50 of 50 muM but pentoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (PROD) for CYP2B1 showed no inhibition even at higher concentrations of SAN (> 60 muM) in PB-induced microsomes. These results indicate that higher affinity of SAN binding towards the CYP1A family may have a role in SAN toxicity.

An immunocompromised patient with a known history of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) with right-sided hemiparesis of long duration, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension presented with signs of rhabdomyolysis and later acute kidney injury (AKI). He subsequently developed Guillain Barre syndrome. Initially, hemodialysis was followed by plasmapheresis. After hemodialysis, the patient presented with multiple episodes of vomiting and weakness of all limbs. A culture showed growth of Enterococcus faecalis, and on Day 6, a bloodstream infection with Candida kefyr and a urinary tract infection with Enterococcus faecalis were diagnosed. We report a rare case of bloodstream infection due to C. kefyr .

This paper presents a technique of implementing Differential relays based on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA), which can be used for the protection of transformers, distribution lines, large industrial motors and many equipment's of the power system. Due to its re-configurability, it gives an idea to implement many types of relays on the single FPGA board. In case of microprocessor based relays many peripheral devices are required making the operation slower; but in the case of FPGA, the same can be realized with less number of peripherals, thus making the operation faster. The proposed differential relay gives satisfactory results when simulated on the Xilinx FPGA, thus providing the best solution among existing technologies.

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