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Kalman Filter is the most popular method for state estimation when the system is linear. State estimation is the typical issue in every part of engineering and science. But, for non linear systems, different extensions of Kalman Filter are used. Extended Kalman Filter is famous to discard the non linearity which uses First order Taylor series expansion. But for these estimation techniques, the tuning of process noise covariance and measurement noise covariance matrices is required. There are different optimization techniques used to tune the parameters of Extended Kalman Filter. In this paper, Particle Swarm Optimization has been proposed to tune the EKF parameters and then the simulations are implemented for permanent magnet synchronous motor.

State estimation is the common problem in every area of engineering. There are different filters used to overcome the problem of state estimation like Kalman filter, Particle filters etc. Kalman Filter is popular when the system is linear but when the system is highly non-linear then the different derivatives of Kalman Filter are used like Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), Unscented Kalman filter. But these estimation techniques require tuning of process and noise covariance matrices. The different optimization techniques are used to tune the filter parameters of EKF. In this paper, various optimization techniques have been studied for non-linear state estimation based on EKF.

Traditional Transport Layer Protocol Transport Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) which perform well on wired networks, but it degrades its performance in case of Ad-hoc wireless networks due to the existing problems associated such as misinterpretation of packet loss, frequent path breaks, effect of path length, misinterpretation of congestion windows, asymmetric link behaviour, uni-directional path, multipath routing and the use of sliding-window-based transmission. So, to provide reliable data communication support over MANET's, various TCP variants i.e. basically enhancement of base TCP protocols has been proposed. This research work aims to evaluating the simulation based comparison of two TCP variants, which are TCP Vegas and TCP Westwood on different routing protocols such as AODV, DSDV and DSR on the basis of average throughput, packet delivery ratio, average delay, routing overhead and average jitter with the use of ns2 simulator.

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