This study was undertaken to investigate the pecten oculi of stork by using macroscopic, light and electron microscopic techniques. A total of 20 eyes that were obtained from 10 storks were used. The eyes were cleaned and isolated by dissection. After various procedures, four of the pecten oculi were examined by light microscope while the other four with an electron microscope. The remaining 12 eyes were assigned for macroscopic investigation. Pecten oculi of the stork were determined as accordion-like structures that originated from n. opticus, consisting of 15-17 plica and projecting up to 2/5 of the diameter of the bulbus oculi. Light microscopic examination revealed two types of blood vessels. Afferent-efferent vessels were larger in diamater (40-45 µm), fewer in numbers, and the capillary vessels were smaller in diamater (2-5 µm) and more in numbers. There were granules including amount of melanin pigment at the apical part of the pleats. These granules were fewer and scattered randomly on the basal part of the pleats. As a result, pecten oculi in the stork, which is a migrating bird, were determined to be similar to those of other diurnal birds.

The present study was conducted to determine macroanatomic characteristic as well as light and electron microscopic examination (SEM) of pecten oculi and totally 20 bulbus oculi belonging to 10 seagulls (Larus canus) were used. Pecten oculi formations consisted of 18 to 21 pleats and their shape looked like a snail. Apical length of the pleats forming pecten oculi were averagely measured as 5.77 ± 0.56 mm, retina-dependent base length was 9.01 ± 1.35 mm and height was measured as 6.4 ± 0.62 mm. In pecten oculi formations which extend up to 1/3 of the bulbus oculi, two different vascular formations were determined according to thickness of the vessel diameter. Among these, vessels with larger diameters which are less than the others in count were classified as afferent and efferent vessels, smaller vessels which are greater in size were classified as capillaries. Furthermore, the granules which were observed intensely in apical side of the pleats of pecten oculi were observed to distribute randomly along the plica.

Summary:It is known that the kidney size is related to body height, body surface area and body weight. In the present study we propose the volume fraction approach of stereological methods that eliminate the effects of body size over the quantitative evaluation of cortex, medulla and pelvis of kidney. Kidneys were removed from 20 Kivircik sheeps and their volumes were measured using the Archimedean principle. The total volume and volume of its components and the volume fraction of cortex, medulla and the pelvis were estimated stereologically. The mean kidney volumes were 61.3±12.7cm 3 and 59.7±12.8cm 3 , using the Archimedean and the Cavalieri principles, respectively. The obtained values were not found to be significantly different (p>0.05). The kidney was composed of 69.7±3.0% cortex, 27.1±2.9% medulla and 3.2±0.7% pelvis. Our results show that the stereological method applied in this study provides unbiased data about the volumetric characteristics of kidney and can be used on physical section of the evaluation of the volume and volume fractions of kidney and its subcomponents.Key words: Cavalieri principle, renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis, stereology Böbrek değerlendirmesi için hacimsel oran metodu: Stereolojik çalışmaÖzet: Böbrek büyüklüğünün, vücut yüksekliği, vücut yüzey alanı ve vücut ağırlığı ile ilişkili olduğu bilinmektedir. Yapılan bu çalışmada, korteks, medulla ve böbrek pelvisinin rakamsal değerlendirilmesi üzerinde vücut büyüklüğünün etkilerini elimine etmek amacı ile, stereolojik metodlardan hacimsel oran yaklaşımı kullanılmıştır. Materyal olarak 20 adet Kıvırcık koyunundan elde edilen böbreklerin hacmi Arşimed prensibi kullanılarak ölçülmüştür. Ayrıca bu böbreklerin toplam hacmi ve korteks, medulla ve pelvis bölümlerinin hacmi stereolojik olarak tahmin edilmiştir. Arşimed ve Cavalier metodları kullanılarak elde edilen ortalama böbrek hacimleri sırası ile, 61.3±12.7 cm 3 ve 59.7±12.8 cm 3 olarak ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen veriler istatistiki olarak önemli bulunmamıştır (p>0,05). Böbrek, %69.7±3.0 korteks, %27.1±2.9 medulla ve %3.2±0.7 pelvis'den oluşmaktadır. Sonuçlarımız gösterir ki, bu çalışmada kullanılan stereolojik metodlar, böbreğin hacimsel karakteristikleri hakkında ön yargısız bilgi sağlar ve böbrek hacmi, hacimsel oranları ve alt bölümlerinin değerlendirilmesinde kullanılabilir.

This study was carried out to determine the osteometric features of the skull by using three dimensional computed tomography images in gazelles (Gazelle subgutturosa). In the study, nine skull samples of adult gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa) were used. Images of the skull sections of 0.625 mm thickness were acquired by using a computer tomography device with 64 detectors applying 80 kV, 200 mA and 639 mGY. Three-dimensional images of the skull samples were reconstructed and morphometric measurements (39 linear, 1 volumetric and 1 surface area) were performed by using the software program MIMICS 12.1. Mean skull volumes in males and females were found to be 115.74±2.43 cm 3 and 87.69±1.09 cm 3 while the mean skull surface areas in males and females were 79.62±8.56 cm 2 and 77.34±1.18 cm 2 , respectively. Significant differences between males and females for median frontal length (MFL), frontal length (FRL), upper neurocranium length (UNCL), greatest length of the lacrimal bone (GLLB), oral palatal length (OPL), length of the upper molar row (LUMR) and the greatest neurocranium breadth (GNCB) were observed. The difference in the cranial index between males and females was statistically significant (P<0.01). The data obtained in this study will contribute to detect differences between the gazelles and other species with respect to skull morphometry.

Bu çalışmada Hamdani koyunlarının mandibula’sının anatomik, morfometrik ve volümetrik özellikleri bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) ve üç boyutlu (3D) yazılım programı kullanılarak tespit edildi. Bu amaçla 16 adet (8 erkek, 8 dişi) Hamdani koyunu kafası kullanıldı. Kafaların 64 dedektörlü BT cihazında 80 kv, 200 MA, 639 mGY ve 0.625 mm kesit kalınlığında görüntüleri alındı. Her bir deneğin mandibulaya ait tarama görüntüleri özel bir 3D yazılım programı yardımıyla üç boyutlu modellere dönüştürülerek rekonstrükte edildi. Modeller üzerinde mandibulanın yüzey, hacim ve doğrusal ölçüm (22 adet) analizleri yapıldı. İncelenen tüm özellikler ortalama ± SD olarak ifade edildi. Yapılan incelemelerde, erkeklerde mandibulanın hacim ve yüzey alanı değerlerinin dişilerden daha büyük olduğu tespit edildi. Erkeklerde mandibula uzunluğu (GOC-ID) 169.01±0.74 mm ve yüksekliği (GOV-CR) ise 95.50±0.64 mm olarak belirlendi. Morfometrik değerlendirmelerde dişi ve erkekler arasında PC-ID(Length between the aboral edge of proc. condylaris-ID) ve GOC-FMN( Length between GOC - aboral edge of for. Mentale) parametrelerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklar gözlendi(P