Aim: To determine the frequency of common histopathological findings among patients having endometrial thickness >5mm and having atypical bleeding of uterus. Study design: Descriptive and cross sectional study Study settings: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Kishwer Fazal Teaching Hospital, Sheikhupura from 1st October 2020 to 31st March 2021. Methodology: One hundred and twenty patients were enrolled. Patients were aged between 45 to 60 years. Patient’s detailed demographics including age, parity, socioeconomic grade and body mass index were recorded post written informed consentreceival. Patients having endometrial thickness >5mm with abnormal uterine bleeding were included in this study.All the patients were undergone for transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS). Outcomes were histopathological findings observed. Results: The patients mean age was found to be 51.16±4.88 years with mean body mass index 27.24±4.63 kg/m2. Thirty five (29.2%) patients had parity I and 85 (70.8%) patients had parity II. Forty two (35%) patients had high socioeconomic status and 78(65%) were from low socio economic status. Majority of the patients 80(66.7%) were from rural areas. Secretory and proliferative were the most common histopathological findings found in (45.83% and 26.7%) patients. Frequency of endometrial carcinoma was found among 97(80.8%) cases. Conclusion: The most common histopathological findings were secretory and proliferative and frequency of endometrial carcinoma was too high. Endometrial anomalies can be excluded by transvaginal ultrasonography and is strongly useful in the evaluation of abnormal bleeding from the uterine. Keywords: Endometrial, Transvaginal ultrasonography, Uterine bleeding

Background: There is a risk associated with spinal anaesthesia failure after immediate deliverance of epidural anaesthesia. Objective: To assess the risk of spinal anaesthesia failure followed by failed epidural block in caesarean deliveries. Study Design: Retrospective study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Khairpur Medical College Khairpur Mir’s from 1st July 2020 to 30th June 2021. Methodology: One hundred and seventy labour cases who have been given epidural anaesthesia and were prepared for caesarean section through spinal anaesthesia were included. The demographic and clinical information of each pregnant female was documented. Proper epidural dosage was maintained during labour. Results: The mean age of the patients was 26.5±5.2 years. There was a significant increase in body mass index among epidural converted spinal aesthesia patients. The higher incidence of non-reassuring foetal heart tracing and malpresentation in failure cases were found. Conclusion: There is a 11.17% risk of spinal anaesthetics failure for attaining block height when administered within 30 min of epidural dose. Keywords: Epidural, Spinal anaesthesia, Anaesthesia, Caesarean

Background: Membrane sweeping causes induction of labour by release of prostaglandins, and other hormones. Aim: To determine efficacy of membrane sweeping on induction of spontaneous labour in post-date women. Study design: Randomized controlled trial. Place and duration of study: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Health Bridge Hospital, Ghazi Road, Lahore from 1st January 2020 to 31st December 2020. Methodology: One hundred and fifty pregnantwomen with ≥40 weeks of gestationwere randomly divided into two groups of 75 pregnant women each. Group A were those who consented for undergoing membrane sweeping whereas group B did not undergo this process. Results: The mean age of the enrolled pregnant women was25.7±3.05 years. The mean duration of pregnancy in group A was 40.1±0.2 weeks and in group B was 40.2±0.1 weeks. Regarding spontaneous onset of labour, in group A, 38(50.6%) patients went into labour with sweeping of membranes and in group B, 10(13.4%) patients had spontaneous onset of labour. There were only two cases of infection reported in Group A and one in group B. Conclusion: Membrane sweeping for natural induction of spontaneous labour. Key words: Membrane sweeping, Labour induction, Efficacy