Health and environmental problems arising from metals present in the aquatic ecosystem are very well known. The present study investigated toxicological effects of LC15 of metals such as copper, chromium, and lead for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h on hematological indices, RBC nucleus and cell morphology, and gill and muscle tissues of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Experimental dose concentrations of copper were 1.5, 1.4, 1.2, and 1 mgL−1. Similarly, dose concentrations of chromium were 25.5, 22.5, 20, and 18 mgL−1 while those of lead were 250, 235, 225, and 216 mgL−1, respectively. Maximum decrease in the concentration of Hb, RBCs, and monocytes was observed against chromium, while maximum increase in the concentration of lymphocytes was reported against lead. Abnormalities such as single and double micronuclei, deformed nucleus, nuclear shift, irregular nucleus, deformed cells, microcyte cells, and vacuolated and swollen cells were observed. Gill tissues absorbed maximum concentration of lead followed by chromium and copper. Muscle tissues also absorbed maximum concentration of lead followed by chromium and copper, respectively. Histological alterations such as epithelial lifting, interlamellar spaces, club gill filaments, gill bridging, curling filaments, swelling and fusion of cells, irregular cells, destruction of epithelial cells, cellular necrosis, and inflammatory cells were observed in gill tissues while inflammation and necrosis of muscle fibers, degeneration of muscle fibers, edema of muscle bundles, zig-zag of muscle fibers, and lesions were observed in muscle tissues of fish exposed with different doses of these heavy metals, indicating the toxicity of metals to aquatic fauna as well as to human being via food chain.

The indiscriminate use of herbicides has led to the contamination of water bodies, possibly affecting the health of aquatic biota, especially fish. Atrazine is considered as toxicants for aquatic fauna, due to its high persistence in soil, high half-life and high mobility toward aquatic bodies as well as high solubility in water. The objective of the present study was to determine (LC 50 ) and to evaluate the acute and chronic toxicity of atrazine on the biochemical parameters; total protein and serum albumin of freshwater grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Above 15 μlL -1

The purpose of the present study was to scrutinize the effect of glyphosate and atrazine (herbicide) on blood biochemical and hematological parameters of common carp, (Cyprinus carpio), including plasma glucose (RBS), cholesterol (CH), serum protein (SP), creatinine phosphates (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), WBC, hemoglobin (Hb), platelets (PT), lymphocytes (LP), monocytes (MT), esinophils (EN), and neutrophils (NT), and on behavioral aspects for (24, 48, 72, 96) hours under doses of (0.1, 0.07, 0.05, 0.02) and (0.2, 0.15, 0.1, 0.05)mlL-1 respectively of glyphosate and atrazine. For analysis of biochemical and hematological parameters, the protocol of biochemical analyzer set (Merck Micro Lab 300 biochemistry analyzer) and hematological analyzer (Mindray BC-2300 Hematology Analyzer) was followed in the laboratory. An upturn in RBS, CH, and WBC concentration was observed while SP, LDH, LT, MT, and EP concentrations were decreased against both herbicides. CPK and Hb concentrations were increased against atrazine, while against glyphosate the concentrations were decreased. PT and NT showed momentous upturn in concentrations against glyphosate, while showing a decline against atrazine. Both herbicides affected the blood biochemical and hematological parameters of the selected fish. Behaviorally, changes were observed

The primary aim of the current study was to recognize the biomarker approach as the finest tool to identify the geno-toxicological effects of copper, chromium, and lead inside the blood of grass carp using micronucleus test and comet assay. The induced micronuclei frequency in response to the administered concentrations of LC50 metals was discovered in the erythrocytes of metal-exposed fish at four-time intervals. The genotoxic effect of these metals with respect to the formation of micronuclei was ranked as chromium > lead > copper. Percentages of other cellular and nuclear abnormalities were also determined in the exposed blood films. Equally, the genotoxic studies in terms of comet assay in fish blood revealed significant deviations p < 0.05 against each of the studied metal at their respective time interval as compared with the healthy fish group. However, induced frequency of micronuclei and the calculated DNA damage were not found to be duration dependent. Consequently, copper, chromium, and lead have been explored as cytotoxic elements that can be responsible for inducing genotoxic effects in fish existing aquatic habitats.