There is little consensus on whether Kirschner wire (K-wire) burial is preferable in the management of paediatric lateral humeral condyle fractures. We identified 124 patients from May 2008 to August 2014. Sixty received buried K-wires and 64 received unburied wires. We found no significant difference in the infection rates between groups, but a high rate of skin erosion (23%) in the buried group, with a subsequent high rate of infection in this subgroup (40%). We found a strong association of wire erosion following early surgery. There is a considerable cost saving associated with using unburied wires. We therefore recommend the routine use of unburied wires.

Level II, prospective comparative study.

Decompression of the long thoracic nerve (LTN) is a potentially beneficial procedure for selected patients with LTN palsy. The aim of this work is to describe the surgical anatomy of the thoracic part of the LTN and highlight its variations. A retrospective review of patients undergoing exploration of the LTN was performed. Preoperatively, all patients had serratus anterior dysfunction and underwent electromyographic (EMG) assessment. All patients had an initial trial of nonoperative management. The surgical procedures were undertaken by the senior author. The anatomy of the LTN and the associated vasculature was recorded in patient records, and with digital photography. Forty‐five patients underwent LTN exploration. Two patients with iatrogenic injury were excluded, leaving 43 patients for analysis. Mean age was 36 years. Sixty‐seven percent of cases involved the dominant side. Trauma was the commonest cause, followed by neuralgic amyotrophy. Four patients had typical features of serratus anterior dysfunction but with normal EMG studies. Two distinct patterns of LTN anatomy were noted. In 79% of cases, a single major nerve trunk coursing along serratus anterior was observed and classified as a type I LTN. In 21% of cases, two equal major branches of the nerve were identified, which was classified as a type II LTN. Approximately one in five patients may have two major branches of the LTN. This is of clinical relevance to those who undertake any thoracic procedures, as well as those who are considering exploration of the LTN.

With the introduction of the anterior locking plate in the early part of this century, there was a large change in how distal radial fractures were treated. Early articles about the techniques reported tendon ruptures occurring in as many as 10%, although studies from our unit reported rates closer to 2%. Subsequent refinements in surgical technique and improvements in plate design have been made with the aim of reducing the number of ruptures. Despite this, the original articles and their rates continue to be quoted. In this retrospective study of 798 cases treated with anterior locking plates, tendon ruptures have been significantly reduced and are now as low as 0.5%. Contributing factors leading to this improvement are identified and discussed. Level of evidence: III

Paediatric Monteggia-type injuries are complicated by treatment failure and posterior interosseous nerve palsy, without reliable predictive indicators. Outcome is considered to be good, with little patient-reported evidence. We propose novel radiographic parameters. A total of 33 Monteggia-type injuries were analysed. Posterior interosseous nerve palsy was strongly predicted by the Radial Head Displacement Index. The presence of two or more of three novel instability markers was associated strongly with treatment failure. Patient-reported outcome measures were almost uniformly excellent. We advocate the use of a new, inclusive, stability-based classification of Monteggia-type injuries to predict patients who require accurate internal fixation.