Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a important health problem that induces ernestful complications and it causes significant morbidity owing to specific microvascular complications such as, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy, and macrovascular complications such as, ischaemic heart disease, and peripheral vasculopathy. It can affect children, young people and adults and is becoming more common. Ocular complications associated with DM are progressive and rapidly becoming the world's most significant cause of morbidity and are preventable with early detection and timely treatment. This review provides an overview of five main ocular complications associated with DM, diabetic retinopathy and papillopathy, cataract, glaucoma, and ocular surface diseases.

Purpose To investigate the changes in choroidal thickness (CT), axial length (AL), and ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) accompanying intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction after trabeculectomy. Methods Thirty-nine eyes of 39 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma uncontrolled by medical therapy were included in this prospective and interventional study. All patients underwent a fornix-based trabeculectomy. The CT was measured by enhanced depth imaging-optical coherence tomography. IOP, AL, and systolic/ diastolic blood pressure were also measured, and OPP was calculated. All measurements were performed at baseline and 1 month after surgery. Results The mean IOP was 25.0 ± 5.8 mm Hg at baseline and 11.7 ± 2.6 mm Hg after trabeculectomy (Po0.001), and the mean subfoveal CT was 295±84 mm Hg at baseline and 331±82 mm Hg after trabeculectomy (Po0.001). The mean AL was 23.64 ± 0.98 mm at baseline and 23.54 ± 0.96 mm after trabeculectomy (Po0.001), whereas the mean OPP was 38.8 ± 6.2 mm Hg preoperatively, and 51.1 ± 7.3 mm Hg postoperatively (Po0.001). The change in CT negatively correlated with the change in IOP (r ¼ À 0.785, Po0.001) and AL (r ¼ À 0.693, Po0.001), whereas it positively correlated with the change in OPP (r ¼ 0.418, P ¼ 0.008). Conclusion These results suggest that the large IOP decrease following trabeculectomy causes choroidal thickening.In addition, CT changes are associated with IOP and AL reduction as well as OPP increase.

The study showed that AC-IFIOL, RP-IFIOL, and SF-PCIOL implantation had similar visual outcomes and mean corneal endothelial cell loss.

The findings of the study revealed that, although both F-LASIK and SMILE procedures changed the corneal sensation 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after surgery, they did not affect the dry eye parameters at any point.

Our results suggest that cigarette smoking seems to affect the Schirmer score, TBUT value, and hexagonal cells of the corneal endothelium.