The last 20 years have seen an unprecedented breakthrough in the biodiesel industry worldwide leads to abundance of glycerol. Therefore, the economic utilization of glycerol to various value-added chemicals is vital for the sustainability of the biodiesel industry. One of the promising processes is acetalization of glycerol to acetals and ketals for applications as fuel additives. These products could be obtained by acid-catalyzed reaction of glycerol with aldehydes and ketones. Application of different supported heterogeneous catalysts such as zeolites, heteropoly acids, metal-based and acid-exchange resins have been evaluated comprehensively in this field. In this review, the glycerol acetalization has been reported, focusing on innovative and potential technologies for sustainable production of solketal. In addition, the impacts of various parameters such as application of different reactants, reaction temperature, water removal, utilization of crude-glycerol on catalytic activity in both batch and continuous processes are discussed. The outcomes of this research will therefore significantly improve the technology required in tomorrow's bio-refineries. This review provides spectacular opportunities for us to use such renewables and will consequently benefit the industry, environment and economy.

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In e-commerce, the issue of security and trust has always been one of the most important principles. With the advancement of internet science, e-commerce has also become more advanced, always striving for greater security and trust. Of course, security and trust are not new issues in the area of e-commerce and a variety of techniques have been provided to improve the performance of this business. If an e-commerce business fails to meet the customer's expectations in terms of security and trust, it would be doomed to fail. Security in e-commerce is the protection of existing assets and information against attacks and unauthorized access to that e-commerce. In this study, it has been tried to prevent such attacks by preventive techniques and strategies and also by providing an artificial immune system based on agents and computational intelligence techniques including fuzzy control and Genetic algorithms. The rules generated by fuzzy logic are taught by Genetic algorithm and finally through these rules, the input patterns are categorized. In this study, the activities are classified into two categories of safe and unsafe and the incorrect boundaries between these activities are reduced by the proposed technique.