Summary Sometimes, unverified information is disseminated as if it is true information on social media sites. Most of the times, it goes viral and affects the belief of people and their emotions. Rumors and fake news are the most popular form of false and unconfirmed information. Such news must be identified quickly for preventing its negative impact on society. In the last decade, operational procedures for rumors and false news detection came into existence. This paper provides a holistic view of different web waves from web 1.0 to web 5.0 and their usages. Further, taxonomy describes various malicious information contents at different stages. It discusses features used for classification, publicly available datasets, the rumor detection methods proposed during web 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 periods, and comprehensive analysis related to various methods and techniques. Numerous research gaps and future directions are illustrated to make online information more trustworthy for knowledge sharing and decision‐making purposes.

Through the enhancement of numerous social media sites, the rumor spread more rapidly among society and influences people in a very negative way. Nowadays, more attention is given by researchers to mitigating the threats produced by rumors. Bibliometric analysis is a prevalent and rigorous technique for discovering and investigating large volumes of systematic data. It assists us to identify the important aspects of that particular field. Motivated by earlier research we used this approach for our present study. The present study shows bibliometric analysis through VOSviewer software of 2935 records related to rumor dissemination by collecting the data from the web of science from 1989 to 2021. The bibliometric results have shown publication trends, main journals, most cited articles, most productive country, prominent authors, and institutions. Further net map analysis illustrates the growth of rumor detection in past, present, and future as well. Bibliometric and network analysis results from this research will significantly facilitate understanding the progress and trends in rumor detection.

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In today’s scenario image processing is one of the vast growing fields. It is a method which is commonly used to improve raw images which are received from various resources. It is a kind of signal processing. This paper provides an overview of image processing methods. The main concern of this paper is to define various techniques used in different phases of image processing.