Introduction In this study we are aiming to evaluate the changes of serum serotonin and its association with pain in patients suffering from chronic low back pain before and after lumbar discectomy surgery. Patients and Methods A prospective study was performed on the patients referring to the outpatient clinic in Besat hospital, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran, during 2016. A 2 mL fasting blood sample was collected from each patient at preoperative day 1 and postoperative day 14 and they were measured for level of serum serotonin. Besides, all patients were asked for severity of their low back pain in preoperative day 1 and postoperative day 14 and scored their pain from zero to ten using a Numerical Rating Scale. Results Forty patients with the mean age of 47 ± 13 yrs/old (range 25–77) including 15 (37.5%) males were enrolled into the study. The overall mean score of preoperative pain was significantly decreased from 7.4 ± 2.18 (range 4–10) to the postoperative pain score 3.87 ± 2.92 (range 0–10) (P < .001). The overall levels of pre- and postoperative serum serotonin were 3.37 ± 1.27 (range 1.1–6.4) and 3.58 ± 1.32 (range .94–7.1) ng/mL, respectively, with no significant difference (P = .09). The levels of pre- and postoperative serum serotonin were significantly higher in males and patients older than 50 yrs/old compared to the females and patients younger than 50 yrs/old, respectively (P = .03 and .005, respectively). A significant inverse correlation between the postoperative levels of pain and serum serotonin was observed (r = -.36 and P = .02). Conclusion A negative medium strength linear relationship may exist between the postoperative serum serotonin and low back pain.

Bola bergilir merupakan permainan yang  dapat menstimulasi tahap perkembangan anak. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui perubahan motoric kasar anak usia 5-6 tahun melalui permainan bola bergilir di TK B Al Fityah Pekanbaru. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan desain quasy exsperiment pretest-postest with control group. Populasi penelitian ini adalah anak usia 5-6 tahun di TK B Al fityah dan Sampel penelitian berjumlah 30 responden . Instrument penelitian menggunakan lembar observasi dan lembar SOP. Diperoleh hasil p-value (0,000 ≤ 0,05) . Ha diterima dan Ho ditolak atau terdapat pengaruh sebelum diberikan terapi permainan bola bergilir dan sesudah diberikan terapi permainan bola bergilir terhadap perkembangan motorik kasar anak usia 5-6 tahun. Diharapkan hasil penelitian ini dapat membantu tempat penelitian untuk lebih menggunakan permaianan edukatif untuk perkembangan motorik anak.

Background: According to the report of World Health Organization (WHO), in 2017, about 20% of the traffic crash fatalities are pedestrians that increases to 50% in Iran. One of the major factors of pedestrians' crashes at night, is the invisibility of pedestrians at night due to their clothing color. Methods: In this study, a questionnaire of 25 questions has been designed. These questions were designed in four groups of the crash hazard experience at night, choosing visible clothing, the knowledge of choosing visible clothing and the supply of visible clothing at the living district. The content validity and Cronbachs α (alpha) were implemented for testing the validity and reliability of the study respectively. Results: The results showed that 3 questions had lower content validity which were rejected and also the content validity and Cronbachs α got the acceptable scores of 0.8 and 0.95, in respect. Conclusion:According to the used clothing in Iran, this study can reveal the insufficient supply of visible clothing, inadequate use of visible clothing in society and little knowledge of people in this field.