In the last 50 years, measures of religious constructs have been the subject of much scientific attention. Cross-cultural considerations necessitate that empirical claims on assessments about religion are validated by local data. While religion is typically viewed in terms of spirituality and religiosity, recent empirical studies indicate a shift in the interpretation of these dimensions in a more diffused and relaxed appreciation. Building up from these developments, in the present research, we develop and test the structure and reliability of a scale to assess students' attitudes towards religion. Using a sample (n = 2733) of college students from two provincial universities in the Philippines, we employed data reduction techniques to understand the underlying factor structure. The results showed a three-factor measure of attitudes towards religion.

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Chronic diseases affect the overall quality of life of patients as it negatively impacts different areas in life. The review assessed and qualitatively compared the quality of life (QoL) of patients suffering from three chronic diseases namely patients undergoing hemodialysis, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and patients with breast cancer. Qualitative assessment of previous studies using the Ferrans and Powers quality of life index was conducted. Nineteen (19) full texts were included and comprehensively analyzed. Statistically significant lower scores were noted on the health/functioning and socioeconomic domains of patients undergoing hemodialysis and no significant difference in other areas on the quality of life. There was also no significant difference in the overall scores among the three chronic diseases under study. But while the overall QoL of patients are within the same range, results suggest that hemodialysis patients experience the greatest negative impact in terms of socioeconomic and health/functioning domains in the QoL. Thus, health interventions, educational programs, and policy formulations should focus on improving these aspects. This would also call for a multidisciplinary approach to address the issues related to the quality of life of hemodialysis patients. Keywords Quality of life. Chronic disease. Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Breast cancer. Hemodialysis patients This article is part of the Topical Collection on Medicine

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