Phytoplankton are diverse and abundant as primary producers in the ocean, with diversity and community compositions varying spatially. How fundamental processes (e.g., selection, dispersal, and drift) regulate their global biogeography remains to be comprehensively explored.

Recognizing the prokaryotic community and its functions in hypoxic (>5 to ≤60 μM O 2 ) environments before further expansion of OMZs is critical. We demonstrate the prokaryotic community and its potential functions in nitrogen metabolism in the Bay of Bengal (BoB), where oxygen concentration is barely above suboxic level.

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