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This study examines the expanded TPB model with the risk perception variable of intention to hoard food under the COVID-19 pandemic condition. All assumptions are supported by the traditional independent variables of the TPB model that affect the hoarding intention of food. However, the results of this study are completely different from previous studies when using the risk perception variable in the planned behavior theory model. In previous studies, the risk perception variable always negatively affected attitude and perceived behavior and buying intention. In this study, in contrast, the higher the risk perception the consumers get, the stronger the attitude the consumers purchase reserve goods. This demonstrates that a high-risk perception, in the case of COVID-19 pandemic or other civil unrests, will cause the intention to buy goods that no longer follows the common sense. This paper added a new perspective on the negative aspects of risk perception.

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This study uses the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) model combined with risk perception variables to examine the intention to study using Zoom during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. All assumptions are confirmed by the TRA model 's conventional, independent variables affecting the intention to test using Zoom. However, the results of this study differ from expectations. The security risk perception has the lowest impact on the intention to adopt Zoom. The two key determinants of using Zoom for teaching and studying are attitude and subjective norms. Moreover, COVID-19 risk perception has a remarkable influence on the target variables. Thus, the combination of the TRA model and risk perception factors is a very good choice to assess the factors affecting the intention to adopt Zoom as an educational learning tool.

Cobalt doped zinc oxide nanorods Zn1−xCoxO (x = 0.01, 0.10) have been synthesized by a hydrothermal process with Zn(NO3)2, Co(NO3)2, NH4OH, CO(NH2)2 and C2H5OH at 150 °C for 1 h. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the crystalline structure, size and morphology of the samples. The photoluminescence (PL) and the PL excitation spectra of the nanorods were measured in the range of temperature from 15 K to room temperature. The PL spectra at low temperatures exhibit a group of ultraviolet narrow lines in the near-band-edge region of 3.0–3.4 eV and a very broad band peaked at 3.20 eV. The origin of the near-band-edge PL is interpreted as an emission from free excitons, neutral donor-bound excitons, radiative transitions from a donor to the valence band and donor–acceptor pairs. In particular, a group of emission lines in the red region of 1.8–1.9 eV have been revealed. These emission lines were assigned to the radiative transitions within the tetrahedral Co2+ ions in the ZnO host crystal.