Influenza A (H5N1) infection, characterized by fever, respiratory symptoms, and lymphopenia, carries a high risk of death. Although in all 10 cases the infection appears to have been acquired directly from infected poultry, the potential exists for genetic reassortment with human influenzaviruses and the evolution of human-to-human transmission. Containment of influenza A (H5N1) in poultry throughout Asia is therefore urgently required.

In cases of infection with Influenza A (H5N1), the presence of both neutropenia and raised serum transaminase levels predicts a poor outcome. Oseltamivir treatment shows benefit, but treatment with corticosteroids is associated with an increased risk of death.

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Hospitalization with H7N9 virus infection is associated with older age and chronic heart disease, and patients have a longer duration of hospitalization than patients with H5N1 or pH1N1. This suggests that host factors are an important contributor to H7N9 severity.

Laparoscopic repair is a safe and effective procedure for choledochal cyst. The rate of cholangitis and anastomotic stenosis is low.