The protective antibody response of Balb/c mice to Bali rabies virus (RABV) in BHK-21 cells was studied. The virus was isolated from a rabid dog and was adapted to replicate in BHK-21 cell culture for seven passages. The BHK-21-adapted Bali RABV (BHK-Bali RABV) was inactivated with binary ethylenimine and 24 mice were immunized twice at 21-days intervals with the inactivated virus and Rabisin® vaccine. Virus replication was detected using indirect immunofluorescence, immunocytochemistry, and western blotting assays. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay examination 2 weeks after the first immunization revealed RABV antibody titers that were mostly below the minimum protective level (<0.5 equivalent unit, EU). Antibody titers increased sharply after the second immunization. Antibody titers in serum of mice induced by inactivated BHK-Bali RABV one week after the second immunization were slightly lower (0.8–3.8 EU) than those induced by Rabisin vaccine (0.9–6.3 EU). RABV antibody titers were stable for at least 6 weeks after the second immunization. Both Rabisin vaccine and inactivated BHK-Bali RABV induced neutralizing antibodies with neutralization titers (50% protective dose per ml) of 29.84 for 0.1 ml Rabisin, 211.41 for 0.2 ml Rabisin, 27.41 for 0.1 ml BHK-Bali RABV, and 28.25 for 0.2 ml BHK-Bali RABV. Thus, inactivated BHK-Bali RABV induces a protective immune response in Balb/c mice, but at lower levels compared to induction by Rabisin vaccine.

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Perkembangan bioteknologi dalam bidang molekuler memungkinkan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan suatu penyakit lebih awal, lebih cepat dan akurat. Salah satu teknik dalam bioteknologi yang sudah sangat berkembang serta sering dimanfaatkan dalam penelitian biologi dan medis adalah metode PCR. Teknik molekuler ini memungkinan untuk identifikasi secara akurat pada tingkat DNA terhadap keberadaan suatu penyakit tertentu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan monitoring adanya DNA provirus virus penyakit Jembrana pada sapi bali dari seluruh kabupaten di Bali. Sampel berupa darah sapi bali yang diambil pada tahun 2017 dari seluruh kabupaten yang ada di Bali sebanyak 170 sampel dan pada tahun 2018 dari Kabupaten Buleleng sebanyak 101 sampel dan Kabupaten Karangasem sebanyak 152 sampel. DNA diekstrak menggunakan QIAamp DNA blood mini kit dan sampel tahun 2017 dibuat menjadi 34 pool sampel, sedang sampel tahun 2018 dibuat menjadi 20 pool sampel (Kabupaten Buleleng) dan 30 pool sampel (Kabupaten Karangasem).  PCR dilakukan menggunakan primer JDV 1 dan JDV 3 dalam total reaksi 25 µL dengan 35 siklus. PCR juga dilakukan terhadap kontrol positif dan kontrol negatif. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ke-34 pool sampel sapi bali yang diambil tahun 2017 maupun 20 pool sampel dan 30 pool sampel dari tahun 2018  tidak menunjukkan adanya DNA provirus virus penyakit Jembrana. Kata kunci: PCR, DNA provirus, Virus Penyakit Jembrana

Abstract The number of internet users in Indonesia has increased rapidly in the past two decades. Technological developments coincided with the growth of pioneering companies or startups, both failures or great successes. Fundraising is the lifeblood of startup, a steady stream of funds from various sources will greatly help the company.The success of startups, one of them can be seen from how much the value of the startup’s valuation, The greater the value then the opportunity to get investors' funds wide open. PT. XYZ is one of the startup of online media in Indonesia and the first in Bali, investment funds can certainly support and optimize the development of the company. Considering the importance of investment funds for the sustainability of the company, a valuation calculation is needed to gain an opportunity to receive funding. The important elements of the company, both in terms of financial and non-financial, will be the attraction of investors to invest.   Keywords : Valuation, Startup, Investment

Nosocomial infectious diseases are caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Treatment of infection can use drugs in the form of substances produced by a microorganism in the form of antibiotics. However, the problem that often arises with antibiotics is the occurrence of resistance. Alternatives that are able to overcome the problem of antibiotic resistance against bacteria are plants that have antibacterial activity, one of which is kaliasem (Syzygium polychephalum). This study aims to determine the compounds contained in the ethanol extract of the bark of kaliasem (Syzygium polychephalum) and to determine the potential of its activitiy on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. The bark extract of kaliasem (Syzygium polychephalum) had been carried out by using maceration method. Determination of antibacterial activity was carried out by the disc diffusion method. The ethanolic extract of the bark of kaliasem (Syzygium polychephalum) contains antibacterial compounds such as tannins, phenolics, terpenoids, alkaloids and flavonoids and the ethanolic extract of the bark of kaliasem (Syzygium polychephalum) at concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% can inhibit growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with an average inhibition zone of 15.85 mm, 18.36 mm, 23.64 mm, 28.58 mm, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the ethanolic extract of the bark of kaliasem (Syzygium polychephalum) contains antibacterial compounds and has the potential to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.