Introduction The U.S. Navy offers an attractive opportunity for residency training in orthopedic surgery. The factors that Navy orthopedic residency program leadership finds important in applicant selection for training have not been reported. Additionally, data regarding the academic competitiveness of recently matched applicants have not been previously published. This study presents the results of two surveys administered to all navy orthopedic program directors and department chairmen, as well as data for United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Steps 1 and 2, medical school class percentile, leadership responsibilities, research endeavors, and letters of recommendation of both matched and unmatched applicants. Materials and Methods Two anonymous surveys were administered to all program directors and department chairmen at Navy orthopedic residency training programs with questions designed to gauge perceived importance of various application factors when selecting for the match. The results were compiled, and mean levels of importance were reported. Deidentified data were collected on all applicants to Navy orthopedic residency programs from 2015 to 2019. Data points specific to USMLE Step 1 and 2 board scores, medical school class percentile, research, leadership, and letters of recommendation were analyzed using single and multiple logistic regression analyses, and odds ratios for each variable were calculated. Results Navy leadership unanimously expressed that clerkship performance at the individual program director’s institution was most important, followed by Steps 1 and 2 licensing examination scores. Single logistic regression analyses showed that Step 1 score and clinical, leadership, and recommendation scores were statistically significant. When controlled for Step 1 score, only academic performance and leadership scores maintained statistical significance. Conclusions Applicants to Navy orthopedic surgery residency programs should strive to be competitive in all aspects of their application, with specific emphasis placed on outstanding performance during orthopedic clerkships, demonstration of leadership characteristics, and academic excellence. With transition to a pass/fail grading system for Step 1, there will be more emphasis on other measures of academic success, such as Step 2 scores and clinical clerkship grades.