RA in pregnancy is associated with a greater likelihood of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Women with RA should be made aware of these risks and be followed as a high risk pregnancy.

Pregnancy in HIV-infected women is associated with adverse maternal and newborn complications. Pregnant HIV-positive women should be followed in high-risk healthcare centers.

These findings suggest that there are increased risks to both mother and fetus in pregnancies complicated by OI.

The diagnosis of C difficile infections in pregnancy has increased over the past 15 years and this diagnosis is associated with significant maternal morbidity and mortality.