Background: As the incidence of ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) surgery continues to rise rapidly, an update on the current prevalence and demographics in professional baseball players is warranted. Hypothesis: The prevalence of UCL reconstruction in Major League Baseball (MLB) and Minor League Baseball (MiLB) players will be higher than that previously reported, and the increase in prevalence will be most notable in MiLB pitchers. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: During the 2018 baseball season, an online questionnaire regarding a history of UCL surgery was distributed to the certified athletic trainers of all 30 MLB organizations. These trainers then administered the survey to all players within their organizations, including MLB, MiLB (AAA, AA, High A, Low A, High Rookie, Low Rookie), and Dominican Summer League (DSL) players. Demographics were compared between MLB, MiLB, and DSL players. Results of this 2018 survey were compared with previously published data from the 2012 season to assess the change over time. Results: There were 6135 professional baseball players who completed the survey (66% response rate). The prevalence of UCL reconstruction in all MLB and MiLB players was 13% (637/4928), while the prevalence in DSL players was 2% (20/1207) ( P < .001). The prevalence in all MLB and MiLB players (13%) and pitchers (20%) both increased significantly from 2012 ( P < .001). MLB pitchers reported a higher prevalence of UCL reconstruction than did MiLB pitchers (26% vs 19%, respectively; P < .001). In 2018, the prevalence of UCL reconstruction has increased significantly in MiLB pitchers (19% vs 15%, respectively; P < .001) and pitchers aged 21 to 30 years (22% vs 17%, respectively; P < .001) compared with 2012. Additionally, United States–born pitchers were more likely to have undergone UCL reconstruction compared with Latin America–born pitchers (23% vs 13%, respectively; P < .001). Conclusion: The prevalence of UCL reconstruction has increased significantly in professional baseball players over the past 6 years from 10% to 13%. Ultimately, the prevalence of UCL reconstruction has increased most significantly since 2012 in MiLB pitchers, pitchers aged 21 to 30 years, and pitchers born in the United States.

In this method for measuring conjugated urinary testosterone, testosterone-4-14 C is added to an aliquot of urine to correct for subsequent losses and an ethyl ether extract is then chromatographed in 2 Zaffaroni systems prior to chromic oxide oxidation of testosterone to A 4 -androstene-3,17-dione. A third Zaffaroni system confirms the completion of oxidation and purifies the steroid before a final fourth chromatography in a Bush system. Quantitation is carried out by a modified micro Zimmermann reaction. Values of testosterone glucuronide in 24-hr specimens (mean +SE) were found to be 19 ±3 ng in 20 normal women aged 20-40; 88+7 ng in 20 normal men aged 30-40; 151 ±22 ng in 5 young normal men aged 17-24; and 6 ±3 jug in 5 boys aged 7-12. A satisfactory correlation between the level of testosterone glucuronide and the degree of androgenicity in various pathologic states studied was observed. (J Clin Endocr 25: 95, 1965) T ESTOSTERONE 5 is properly considered the most potent of the known androgens. The growing evidence that low or normal values of 17-ketosteroids (17-KS) may coexist with virilization in the female has made the evaluation of testosterone indispensable to an adequate investigation of androgenic states.Free testosterone has been measured in blood and a good correlation was established between elevated values and virilizing conditions in women (1, 2). Testosterone glucuronide has been measured in human urine (3-6). A new, relatively simple method is described in this paper for the measurement of conjugated

An inexpensive, rapid, convenient screening tube test for the detection of hemoglobin S and non-S sickling hemoglobins has been developed, which has a molecular basis. The reagents consist of potassium phosphate, sodium dithionite, and saponin. When sickling red cells are introduced into such a solution, the red cells lyse immediately, the hemoglobin deoxygenates, the beta globin chains of each hemoglobin tetramer are displaced laterally, complementarity of steric fit between interacting hemoglobin tetramers is achieved in accordance with the recently modified Murayama hypothesis for the molecular mechanism of sickling, a nematic liquid crystal system is formed, and in the presence of hemoglobin S or non-S sickling hemoglobins, the system becomes turbid. On addition of urea, those nematic liquid crystal systems dependent upon hydrophobic bonds are dispersed.