Evolutionary developmental biology is based on the principle that evolution arises from hereditable changes in development. Most of this new work has centred on changes in the regulatory components of the genome. However, recent studies (many of them documented in this volume) have shown that development also includes interactions between the organism and its environment. One area of interest concerns the importance of symbionts for the production of the normal range of phenotypes. Many, if not most, organisms have 'outsourced' some of their developmental signals to a set of symbionts that are expected to be acquired during development. Such intimate interactions between species are referred to as codevelopment, the production of a new individual through the coordinated interactions of several genotypically different species. Within the past 2 years, several research programmes have demonstrated that such codevelopmental schemes can be selected. We will focus on symbioses in coral reef cnidarians symbiosis, pea aphids and cactuses, wherein the symbiotic system provides thermotolerance for the composite organism.

Conclusion: We observed an extremely low RSV pneumonia fatality rate in contrast to that reported in the literature. Perhaps due to strict control of nosocomial transmission, our cohort tended to contract RSV late, which might account for better outcomes. Our low incidence of NIPCs is intriguing, and could be biased by the fact that 66% of our cohort was on 2 immunosuppressors. Our findings support prompt treatment of high-risk patients with inhaled ribavirin/IVIG to diminish early RSV-related mortality and morbidity.

of OM, degree of oral pain and narcotic requirements were also evaluated. Results: The study was stopped early due to the superiority of CT. Ninety percent of patients in the CT group did not experienced OM, compared to 36% and 34% in the Caphosol â and SS groups, respectively (P < 0.0001). None of the CT patients experienced grade 3-4 OM. There was a significant decrement in duration of OM in the CT group compared to the Caphosol â group (mean duration [MD] in days 0.8 vs. 4.77; p < 0.001) and the SS group (MD 5.55 days; p < 0.001). Duration of OM was shorter in the CT group compared to the SS group (MD .9 days vs. 3.38 days; p ¼ 0.004) and the Caphosol â group (MD 2.97 days; p ¼ 0.020). Patients in the CT group required less use of analgesics when compared with the SS group (p ¼ 0.007). Conclusion: CT significantly reduces OM incidence, severity and duration.. Patients who received CT had lower analgesic requirements than patients who received SS.