Gene therapy holds a promising future for bridging the gap between the disciplines of medicine and clinical dentistry. The dynamic treatment approaches of gene therapy have been advancing by leaps and bounds. They are transforming the conventional approaches into more precise and preventive ones that may limit the need of using drugs and surgery. The oral cavity is one of the most accessible areas for the clinical applications of gene therapy for various oral tissues. The idea of genetic engineering has become more exciting due to its advantages over other treatment modalities. For instance, the body is neither subjected to an invasive surgery nor deep wounds, nor is it susceptible to systemic effects of drugs. The aim of this article is to review the gene therapy applications in the field of dentistry. In addition, therapeutic benefits in terms of treatment of diseases, minimal invasion and maximum outcomes have been discussed.

No abstract

Congo red (CR) dye, due to its structural stability and non-degradable nature, is hazardous for humans and the aquatic environment. Among various methods used for degradation of CR, photocatalysis have been widely reported as a cost effective and environment-friendly method. Besides, extensive studies have been carried out regarding the use of nanomaterial-based photocatalyst for degradation of CR. This review describes the basics of photocatalysis along with the factors affecting the process, mechanism, and kinetics in detail. Additionally, literature related to synthetic and bio-based stabilizing mediums in photocatalytic assemblies have been arranged in a systematic manner. Advanced hybrid materials, i.e., metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have also been described briefly. Future directions are discussed to address existing shortcomings in this field and also to expand research in this area.

The consequence of perceived crowding is increasing progressively to stimulate the satisfaction of customer. The purpose of this study is to analyse the impact of perceived crowding on satisfaction of customer. This study also identifies the numerous determinants affecting on customer satisfaction in the restaurant industry. For this study, the data of 225 respondents is collected through survey questionnaire by using convenience sampling from family restaurant customer of Faisalabad, Pakistan. The gathered data is examined using the structural equational modelling (SEM) through partial least square (PLS). The findings concluded that perceived crowding has a significant and positive influence on customer satisfaction whereas all other factors also have a positive as well as significant impact on satisfaction of the customer. This study will assist to the hospitality sector such as management of the restaurants to provide better marketing services so the mangers can handle the crowdedness level in the restaurant to form a positive and favourable influence of good reputation of restaurants, high food quality and low/reasonable food price. 24N. Siddique et al.

Purpose: This study is conducted to examine the main strength of firms’ specific variables, industry effects and macroeconomic conditions in predicting the capital structure choices of non financial listed companies of Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX-100). Design/Methodology/Approach: To perform the study, a sample of twelve sectors covering a period from 2012 to 2017 is taken from PSX-100.  Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) model is applied to explore the capital structure choices. Results of study indicate that the short term debt plays a major part in designing the capital structure of listed companies of PSX-100. Findings: Macroeconomic conditions have been identified to cause an increase in financial distress and costs of debt unanimously. The financial distress and costs are significant in financial market developments for a time horizons. Implications/Originality/Value: The development in financial markets can have an opportunity to increase the choice of capital structure of firms optimistically. It is explored that source of capital choice seems to decrease in agency behavior and risk due to refinancing. The less agency problem and less risk provide better choice of debt and future growth to the financial market. The growth environment is life blood of financial market and economy.