This study shows that in PCNL, factors that are associated with bleeding/transfusion include sheath size, operating time, stone load, and caseload.

The ureteral stent symptom questionnaire revealed that pain, urinary symptoms index, and general health were statistically better in the Memokath group. The Memokath group significantly outperformed the Double-J stent group in terms of the light and heavy activity. In terms of future stent insertion, patients preferred the Memokath stent. In the subgroup who had experienced both stents, the Memokath questionnaire revealed improvements in the domain of pain and the lower urinary tract symptoms index, though this was not statistically significant. This may reflect the small size of the study population. There were improvements in general health and other quality-of-life parameters, and there was a tendency in favor of the Memokath.

The full lateral position-while necessitating expertise and some learning for renal puncture from an unusual angle-is safe in medical high-risk patients. It can be safely performed using regional anesthesia, avoiding the risks of general anesthesia and allowing for patient-anesthetist communication throughout the procedure. Cardiac and respiratory parameters are improved, stable, and easily controlled. As opposed to the supine position, the awake patient is more comfortable, and morbid obesity is not a problem.

The spiralling costs of antibiotic therapy, the appearance of multiresistant bacteria and more importantly for patients and clinicians, unsatisfactory therapeutic options in recurrent urinary tract infection (RUTI) calls for alternative and advanced medical solutions. So far no sufficient means to successfully prevent painful and disabling RUTI has been found. Even though long-term oral antibiotic treatment has been used with some success as a therapeutic option, this is no longer secure due to the development of bacterial resistance. One promising alternative is the use of live microorganisms (probiotics) to prevent and treat recurrent complicated and uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI).The human normal bacterial flora is increasingly recognised as an important defence to infection. Since the advent of antibiotic treatment five decades ago, a linear relation between antibiotic use and reduction in pathogenic bacteria has become established as medical conventional wisdom. But with the use of antibiotics the beneficial bacterial flora hosted by the human body is destroyed and pathogenic bacteria are selectively enabled to overgrow internal and external surfaces. The benign bacterial flora is crucial for body function and oervgrowth with pathogenic microorganisms leads to illness. Thus the concept of supporting the human body's normal flora with live microorganisms conferring a beneficial health effect is an important medical strategy.