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The present paper deals with the land degradation in shiwaliks and deliberation of suitable Agroforestry Models for conservation and sustainable production of natural resources in this region. The Agroforestry practices recommended vary from silvipasture systems to meet fuel wood and fodder demands to agrisilviculture system (Poplar +Wheat +Fodder; Quercus+ Maize-Wheat; Grewia + Soybean - Wheat etc.) for food and fodder, hortisilvipasture system (Mango + Poplar + Paddy - Wheat; Plum + Morus + Soybean – Wheat; Apple + Pea, etc) for fruit, fodder and other products. The paper also highlights the employment opportunities through Agroforestry in the region.

Objective: Our study's goal is to find out how common stunting and obesity are among Pakistani children aged 2 to 5 years old. Study Design: Descriptive study Place and Duration: Shalamar Medical & Dental College Lahore and Quetta Institute of Medical Sciences. Jan, 2021 to June, 2021. Methods: There were 130 children with age 2-5 years were presented in this study. Detailed demographics of enrolled cases included age, sex; weight and height were recorded after taking informed written consent from the parents of children. Maternal demographics status was also recorded. Frequency of stunting was recorded with respect to weight of included patients. SPSS 24.0 was used to analyze complete data. Results: Among 130 children, there were 80 (61.5%) males and 50 (38.5%) females in this study. The mean age of the included children was 5.9±12.42 years and had mean weight 17.16±12.52 kg. Children had mean height 109.5±11.22 cm. Majority of the patients were underweight 75 (57.7%), 45 (34.6%) children were obese and frequency of severe underweight were 10 (7.7%). As per maternal status, majority were had poor socio economic status. Frequency of stunted children was 19 (14.6%), in which 8 (4.6%) cases were obese while remaining 13 (10%) were underweighted. Among 19 cases of stunted children, 11 (57.9%) were females and 8 (42.1%) were males. Conclusion: We concluded in this study that prevalence of stunting among obese children was 4.6% and majority were females in these cases. Poor-socioeconomic status of mothers was the most common factor of stunting among children. Treatments that can address these issues, such as community-based education and focused nutritional interventions, are thus needed to lessen the impact of malnutrition. Keywords: Children, Obese, Stunt, Underweight, Gender

Urinary tract infections (UTI) have a prevalence of 1% in boys and about 1-3% in girls. It is more common in boys under 1 year of age after which the incidence is higher in girls. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is synthesized in the skin epithelial cells and also obtained from diet. It has an important role in bone formation and deficiency of vitamin D leads to rickets in children. Objective: To determine the mean levels of vitamin D in children with first episode of urinary tract infection. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted at Department of pediatrics, Fauji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi from 16th Nov, 2021 to 16th May, 2022. Materials and Methods: 50 patients fulfilling the criteria for first episode of urinary tract infection included. All patients age, gender, height and weight were noted. Samples were inoculated on culture media and were examined at 24-48hrs for colony counts and bacterial identification. All patients who were tested positive for urinary tract infection had their serum Vitamin D 25(OH) D3 levels done, a deficiency was defined as values of less than 25ng/ml. Data was entered and analysed in SPSS version 22.0 Results: Mean age (6.70+3.9) with ranges from 02 to 12 years and Mean height (cm) and weight (kg) were (121.76+31.58), (25.64+12.36) respectively. There were 12 (24.0) male and 38 (76.0) female patients who were included in the study according to the inclusion criteria. Mean vitamin-D levels in children with first episode of urinary tract infection in the study was (23.46+1.68). Mean vitamin-D levels in children with first episode of urinary tract infection in children ages 02-06 years was (23.36+1.36), whereas mean vitamin-D levels in children ages 7 – 12 years was (23.54+1.91), Mean vitamin-D levels in among male and female children with first episode of urinary tract infection was (22.83+1.26) ( 23.66+1.76) which was statistically not significant (p-value 0.139). Mean vitamin-D levels in children with first episode of urinary tract infection in children have height between 101 – 175 cm, was (23.50+1.18). Mean vitamin-D levels in children with first episode of urinary tract infection in children having weight between 21 – 50 kg was (23.63+1.88). Conclusion: The study concluded that average vitamin D deficiency was substantial among children with urinary tract infection. Keywords: Urinary tract infections. Vitamin D levels, E coli

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