Esophageal and gastric cancers represent tumors with poor prognosis. Unfortunately, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy have made only limited progress in recent years in improving the generally disappointing outcome. Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors is a novel treatment approach that quickly entered clinical practice in malignant melanoma and renal cell cancer, but the role in esophageal and gastric cancer is still poorly defined. The principal prognostic/predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy efficacy currently considered are PD-L1 expression along with defects in mismatch repair genes resulting in microsatellite instability (MSI-H) phenotype. The new molecular classification of gastric cancer also takes these factors into consideration. Available reports regarding PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2 expression and MSI status in gastric and esophageal cancer are reviewed to summarize the clinical prognostic and predictive role together with potential clinical implications. The most important recently published clinical trials evaluating checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in these tumors are also summarized.
Background: Renal cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid dedifferentiation represents a rare histological entity characterized by aggressive behavior, limited efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors or mTOR inhibitors, and poor outcome. The immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy regimen combining ipilimumab with nivolumab represents a new standard of care for this patient population due to a hitherto unprecedented response rate and overall survival. On the other hand, the role of cytoreductive nephrectomy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma, in particular, with sarcomatoid histology, remains controversial. Patient and Methods: In the present case series, we report six patients with locally advanced or synchronous metastatic sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma and intermediate or poor International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium (IMDC) risk score, five of whom were successfully subjected to cytoreductive nephrectomy. Results: All six patients received the combination regimen of ipilimumab with nivolumab. Five of these patients underwent upfront cytoreductive nephrectomy followed by systemic treatment without any significant delay, with a durable treatment outcome. Notably, two patients with poor prognostic features achieved a long-term major partial response to therapy. We also performed a review of the literature on optimal treatment strategies for patients with sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma. Conclusion: Herein, we highlight the feasibility of performing cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with intermediate/poor prognosis metastatic renal cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid dedifferentiation followed by immunotherapy with ipilimumab and nivolumab. To enhance the chances of immunotherapy success, cytoreductive nephrectomy should also be considered for patients presenting with a disease with adverse prognostic parameters.
Background: The aim of the present study was to examine the efficacy of carboplatin in combination with paclitaxel in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer pretreated with multiple regimens including docetaxel and androgen receptor-targeted agents. Methods: Clinical data from patients treated with carboplatin plus paclitaxel were collected retrospectively from a single institution. Results: 43 patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer were identified. Median number of cycles was ten (range: 1 to 23), prostate-specific antigen response was observed in 18 (42%) patients, median progression-free survival was 115 days and median overall survival was 8.1 months. Conclusion: Combination chemotherapy using taxane with carboplatin is an effective and well-tolerated therapy in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Východiska: Primární intrakraniální sarkomy představují vzácná onemocnění. S ohledem na chybějící randomizované studie vycházíme v léčebném algoritmu obvykle z extrapolace dat z extrakraniálních variant těchto sarkomů nebo pouze z publikovaných kazuistik, ovšem s vědomím specifik radioterapie v oblasti mozkové tkáně a omezeného průniku cytostatik přes hematoencefalickou bariéru. Základní léčebnou modalitu stále představuje chirurgická resekce, a to jak v případě primárních nádorů, tak event. recidivy. Nicméně vzhledem k intrakraniální lokalizaci nelze obvykle dosáhnout stejné radikality jako v případě extrakraniálních tumorů. Prognóza těchto typů nádorů i přes veškerou snahu zůstává bohužel neuspokojivá. Případ: V naší kazuistice prezentujeme 69letou pacientku, která byla došetřována pro organický psychosyndrom a parézu levé horní končetiny. Magnetická rezonance prokázala rozsáhlou expanzi mozku frontálně vpravo s kolaterálním edémem. Byla indikována exstirpace tumoru s histologickým nálezem vzácného myxoidního meningeálního sarkomu. Časná recidiva v místě původního tumoru 4 měsíce po primární resekci byla následovaná reresekcí a adjuvantní radioterapií do 50 Gy na oblast lůžka tumoru, stejně jako další recidiva 19 měsíců po předchozí, která již však byla v jiné lokalitě. Systémová léčba zatím nebyla indikována. V současnosti je pacientka bez známek recidivy a pokračuje v observaci. Závěr: Myxoidní meningeální sarkom představuje onemocnění s vysokým rizikem lokoregionální recidivy, u něhož v tuto chvíli neexistuje jednoznačné doporučení pro léčebný algoritmus. Klíčová slova sarkomy-nádory mozku-radioterapie Autoři deklarují, že v souvislosti s předmětem studie nemají žádné komerční zájmy.
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