The article analyzes the methodology of modern economic theory. The advantages and disadvantages Of the McConnell and brew economies are analyzed. It is compared with the textbook “Political economy” of the period of the USSR and Soviet Russia. A literature review has shown that many authors are critical of Main stream and are looking for alternative theories and methodologies. The article analyzes the institutional reasons for teaching Economics. Given the growing global crisis of industrial civilization and, in particular, the systemic crisis of its economic and political leader-the United States, the question is raised about the need to create a new type of textbook on economic theory. The article describes the philosophical roots of Economics and Marxist political economy. According to the authors of the article, these two areas of science and education in the twentieth century became examples of a “secular form of religion”, since their ideological orientation prevailed over the scientific content. “Russian Economics” is a textbook for undergraduates that has broader system relationships with other Sciences (sociology, political science, Cybernetics, zoopsychology, etc.) and applies, along with well-known models of Economics, also qualitative methods and models of classical political economy within the framework of a systematic approach. The article describes the methodological principles of a new type of textbook that reflect the basic provisions of traditional European culture and can serve to form the concept of the “third way economy”, as an objectively emerging model of a mixed economy.

Research background: One of the global problems of modern transport is the harmful impact on the environment due to the use of carbon fuels. This is especially true in the context of the globalization of the economy and en-vironmental problems. The world has long been in the process of switching to alternative energy sources and reducing the use of fossil fuels. Adminis-trative measures and taxation of CO2 emissions are applied. Purpose of the article: The purpose of the article is to conduct a literary review in peer-reviewed publications on the problem of transport taxes and to make proposals for the introduction of an environmental tax within the framework of the classification of taxes proposed by the author for the pur-pose of their introduction. This analysis showed the predominance of publi-cations with an environmental aspect. Basically, the authors analyze the application of taxes on CO2 emissions, as well as various methods (logistical, technological, managerial) to reduce these emissions and improve the efficiency of transport systems. The main object of research is road transport, to a lesser extent - air transport and sea transport. Methods: The system approach, methods of scientific abstraction, formal logic, dialectical-theoretical methods, the method of empirical analysis, and other economic methods were mainly used in obtaining research results. Findings & Value added: The article deals with the modern problems of calculating and paying the transport tax, its role in the costs of transport organizations. The transport tax in Russia is likely to be replaced by an en-vironmental tax. The variants of introducing the “ecological” component in the transport tax used in Singapura are proposed. The classification of taxes proposed by the author for the purpose of their introduction can also serve the purpose of preserving the environment.