Vasectomy, though safe and relatively simple, requires a high level of expertise to minimise complications. Adequate pre-operative counselling is essential to increase patient acceptability of this method of permanent contraception.

printing of pelvic fracture urethral injuries-fusion of technology and urethroplasty.

Abstract. the expression of claudin-11 in benign and malignant bladder tissue and the effect of forced expression of claudin-11 on tight junction function and invasiveness of bladder cancer cells were studied. claudin-11 expression was tested in bladder cancer cell lines (t24/83, rt 112/84 and eJ138) using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and in benign and malignant bladder tissue by quantitative rt-pcr and immunohistochemistry. t24/83 cells were transfected with the pcDnA.1/nt-gFptopo vector containing full-length human claudin-11 sequence. stable-transfected cells overexpressing claudin-11 (t24 cl-11ex ), wild-type cells (t24 Wt ) and the empty plasmid control clone (t24 gFp ) were compared using transurothelial resistance (tUr), in vitro adhesion, invasion and growth assays. claudin-11 was strongly expressed in the non-invasive rt112/84 cell line compared to the invasive t24/83 and eJ138 tcc cell lines. Benign bladder tissue demonstrated equal expression of claudin-11 mrnA as carcinoma, but displayed more intense staining than malignant tissue on immunohistochemistry. Forced-expression of claudin-11 in t24/83 cells was confirmed by PCR, immunoprecipitation and by immunofluorescence, which demonstrated increased perinuclear claudin-11 staining. Forced expression of claudin-11 did not affect tUr (p=0.243), but significantly reduced invasion (p=0.001) while increasing cell matrix adhesion (p=0.001) and growth rates (p=0.001). the greater expression of claudin-11 in benign vs. malignant tissue and non-invasive vs. invasive cell lines, and its effect in reducing bladder cancer cell invasiveness suggests that claudin-11 may have a role in preventing cancer progression and may serve as a therapeutic target in reducing metastasis.

The first uretero-arterial fistula (UAF) was reported in 1908 by Moschcowitz. In 2009, a systematic review identified 139 cases. Since then a further 23 cases were described with 19 cases originating from a single center. It has been recognized as a very rare condition in the past. However, more recently, the increasing incidence of UAF has led us to believe that this condition is more frequent than previously described. Aging population, improved cancer survival and extensive multimodal pelvic cancer treatments have been recognized as culprits for the increased incidence of UAFs. We have reviewed literature on UAFs, identified risk factors, patho-physiology and treatment options. Also, we present a case of fistulous communication between the internal iliac artery and ureter in a patient with a potential risk factor previously not described in the literature.

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